Syllogism – One particular plus a fact about an individual: Statements: I) Some birds are clouds. II) Horse is a bird. Conclusions: I) Some clouds are birds. II) Horse is not a cloud. Choose the conclusion(s) that necessarily follow.

Introduction / Context:
This item combines a set-based particular statement with an atomic statement about one named individual (the horse). We must determine which conclusions are logically compelled with no extra assumptions about that individual's membership in other sets.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• There exists at least one entity that is both a Bird and a Cloud (Bird ∩ Cloud ≠ ∅).
• The entity named Horse belongs to the set Bird.

Concept / Approach:
Conclusion I restates the particular as 'Some Clouds are Birds,' which is symmetric to 'Some Birds are Clouds.' Conclusion II adds new information about Horse relative to Clouds, which is not warranted by the premises.

Step-by-Step Solution:
From Statement I, pick an entity x in Bird ∩ Cloud. By symmetry of intersection, that establishes both 'Some Birds are Clouds' and 'Some Clouds are Birds'. Therefore Conclusion I is necessary.Statement II places Horse in Bird but leaves Horse–Cloud relation unspecified. Horse might be a cloud-bird or a non-cloud bird. Because both possibilities are consistent with the premises, we cannot assert 'Horse is not a cloud' with necessity.

Verification / Alternative check:
Model A: Let Horse be a bird that is not a cloud; all premises hold, Conclusion II is true, but not necessary. Model B: Let Horse be a bird that is also a cloud; premises hold while Conclusion II becomes false. Since Conclusion II flips across valid models, it does not follow.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Conclusion II follows / Either / Both: invalid because Horse's membership in Clouds is undetermined.
• Neither follows: incorrect because Conclusion I is guaranteed by the first statement alone.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming special properties about a named individual without explicit premises, or thinking that adding an individual fact strengthens unrelated set conclusions.

Final Answer:
Conclusion I follows.