Introduction / Context:
Advice generally rests on a goal being desirable and a means being effective. We must find which beliefs the adviser must hold for the advice to make sense.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- I: The recipient will certainly follow the advice.
- II: Passing the exam is a desirable outcome.
- III: Hard work/practice causally promotes exam success.
Concept / Approach:
- Advice does not require certainty of compliance (I); it requires that the adviser values the outcome (II) and believes the method works (III).
- Thus the necessary assumptions are II and III.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Evaluate II: If passing were not desirable, advising hard work to pass would be pointless. So II is assumed.Evaluate III: The suggestion “work hard” presupposes that hard work leads to success. So III is assumed.Evaluate I: Not required; advice can be offered even if the adviser doubts compliance. The efficacy and desirability are enough to justify giving the advice.
Verification / Alternative check:
Drop II or III and the advice loses its rationale. Drop I and the advice remains meaningful.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Options including I add an unnecessary compliance assumption; “All” overstates requirements; “None” contradicts the evident goal-and-means premises.
Common Pitfalls:
Assuming advice entails guaranteed obedience; it does not.
Final Answer:
Only II and III are implicit
Discussion & Comments