Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “Work hard to be successful in the examinations.” — A advises B. Assumptions to evaluate: I. B will listen to A’s advice. II. Passing the examination is desirable. III. Hard practice leads to success.

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Solve this multiple-choice question and choose the correct option.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Advice generally rests on a goal being desirable and a means being effective. We must find which beliefs the adviser must hold for the advice to make sense. Given Data / Assumptions: I: The recipient will certainly follow the advice. II: Passing the exam is a desirable outcome. III: Hard work/practice causally promotes exam success. Concept / Approach: Advice does not require certainty of compliance (I); it requires that the adviser values the outcome (II) and believes the method works (III). Thus the necessary assumptions are II and III. Step-by-Step Solution: Evaluate II: If passing were not desirable, advising hard work to pass would be pointless. So II is assumed.Evaluate III: The suggestion “work hard” presupposes that hard work leads to success. So III is assumed.Evaluate I: Not required; advice can be offered even if the adviser doubts compliance. The efficacy and desirability are enough to justify giving the advice. Verification / Alternative check: Drop II or III and the advice loses its rationale. Drop I and the advice remains meaningful. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options including I add an unnecessary compliance assumption; “All” overstates requirements; “None” contradicts the evident goal-and-means premises. Common Pitfalls: Assuming advice entails guaranteed obedience; it does not. Final Answer: Only II and III are implicit

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “Work hard to be successful in the examinations.” — A advises B. Assumptions to evaluate: I. B will listen to A’s advice. II. Passing the examination is desirable. III. Hard practice leads to success.

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