In embedded systems, the software permanently stored in non-volatile memory to drive microprocessor-based hardware (initialization, control, device handling) is commonly referred to as:

Introduction / Context:
Embedded systems rely on dedicated software stored in ROM, Flash, or OTP that initializes hardware, controls peripherals, and provides the device's core behavior. This persistent software sits between pure hardware and higher-level applications.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The term sought is for non-volatile, device-specific software.
• It is used to bootstrap and control microprocessor or microcontroller hardware.
• It may be written in assembly or C but is stored as machine code.

Concept / Approach:
Firmware is distinct from application software (which may be upgradable or stored externally) and from hardware configuration. It provides the essential operational logic so that a device can start, self-test, and function as intended.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Device updates are called “firmware updates,” reinforcing the standard terminology.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Assembly language/BASIC: programming languages, not the persistent product itself.
• Machine language code: describes the encoding, not the role (many programs are machine code but not all are firmware).

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “firmware” strictly with assembly; modern firmware is often C/C++ compiled to machine code but remains firmware due to its role and residence in non-volatile memory.

Final Answer:
firmware