Assembler tools: which type of computer program translates mnemonic assembly instructions into executable machine code for a target microprocessor?

Introduction / Context:
Microprocessors execute binary op-codes. Humans prefer readable mnemonics (e.g., MOV, ADD, JMP). The bridge between these worlds is a translation tool that maps symbolic instructions and labels into machine code and addresses.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Input: assembly source with mnemonics and directives.
• Output: object code or executable with resolved op-codes and addresses.
• Target: specific instruction set (e.g., 8085A, 8086).

Concept / Approach:
An assembler performs lexical analysis, parsing, symbol resolution (labels), and code generation. It may also produce listing files, symbol tables, and relocation records for linkers.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Compile an example (e.g., MVI A,00H). The listing shows hex bytes corresponding to the mnemonic, confirming the translation step.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Debug: diagnostic tool, not a translator.
• C++/Fortran: high-level languages; their compilers output machine code but not from assembly mnemonics.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing assemblers and compilers. Compilers translate high-level constructs; assemblers map one-to-one mnemonics to op-codes.

Final Answer:
assembler