Clarify terminology: what is the essential difference between mnemonic code (assembly language) and machine code in microprocessor programming?

Introduction / Context:
Understanding the distinction between human-readable assembly and processor-readable machine code is foundational for embedded and systems programming. Assemblers bridge these two representations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Mnemonic code uses alphabetic tokens (e.g., MOV, ADD, JMP).
• Machine code consists of binary patterns (often shown in hex).
• Both encode the same operations but in different forms for different audiences (humans vs. hardware).

Concept / Approach:
Machine code is the literal bit pattern that the CPU decodes and executes. Mnemonics are symbolic names for these operations, improving readability and maintainability. Labels and directives further assist organization in mnemonic form.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Use an assembler and a disassembler: one direction turns mnemonics into binary; the other reverses the process, confirming equivalence of meaning but difference of form.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• A: Incorrect; they are different representations.
• C: Reverses the correct mapping.

Common Pitfalls:
Believing that hex listings are different from machine code; they are just a readable numeral system for binary bytes.

Final Answer:
Machine codes are in binary, mnemonic codes are in shorthand English.