Statement:\nAt least five students were killed in a stampede in a city school as students rushed to leave the building, fearing an electrical short circuit.\n\nCourses of Action:\nI. The principal of the school should be arrested immediately.\nII. The government should order the school to be closed permanently with immediate effect.\n\nWhich course(s) of action logically follow(s)?

Introduction / Context:
Tragic incidents demand prompt action, but logical courses must reflect investigation, accountability aligned to findings, and proportionate remediation—rather than reflexive punishment or irreversible closures without facts.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Event: Stampede triggered by fear of an electrical short circuit.
• Unknowns: Actual cause, compliance with safety norms, evacuation protocols, prior notices, infrastructure status.
• Principles: Due process, safety audits, corrective measures, targeted accountability.

Concept / Approach:
We reject actions that presume guilt or impose extreme sanctions without inquiry. Appropriate immediate steps include medical aid, crowd control, forensic/electrical audit, review of safety drills, and temporary suspension if required pending inquiry.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard responses: set up an inquiry committee, electrical safety audit, enforce compliance, impose penalties if negligence is established, and implement evacuation training—demonstrating measured, fact-based action.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Letting outrage substitute for process. Logical action requires facts first, sanctions next.

Final Answer:
Neither I nor II follows.