Sample-and-hold usage in converters: “A sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit is used in D/A conversion.” Decide whether this characterization is accurate and explain how S/H fits primarily in A/D conversion and how DAC outputs are typically held.

Introduction / Context:
Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits momentarily capture analog values so that conversion or processing can occur on a stable signal. Understanding where S/H is essential—A/D or D/A—prevents architectural mistakes and clarifies why many converter datasheets include or omit S/H blocks.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• S/H circuit definition: track an analog input, then hold a snapshot for a defined interval.
• Comparing roles in ADCs versus DACs.
• Assume conventional architectures (SAR, pipeline, delta-sigma for ADCs; current-steering, R–2R, or string for DACs).

Concept / Approach:
In A/D conversion, holding the input prevents it from changing during the successive decision process (e.g., SAR bit trials) or during pipeline stages, ensuring accuracy. Thus, S/H is a core element in many ADCs. In D/A conversion, the converter produces a new analog level from a digital code. To keep the analog output steady between code updates, DACs inherently act as a zero-order hold (ZOH), often followed by an output buffer or a reconstruction filter—not a classical front-end “sample-and-hold” on an analog input. Therefore, the blanket statement that S/H is used in D/A conversion is misleading.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Review SAR ADC block diagrams (track/hold + comparator + DAC). Review DAC diagrams (latches + switching core + output buffer + RC filter). The roles differ fundamentally.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Correct: Would conflate S/H with DAC output holding functions.
• Ambiguous; depends on architecture: While nuances exist, the general statement is still inaccurate.
• Applies only to SAR ADCs: Pipelines and other ADCs also use S/H.

Common Pitfalls:
Calling the DAC output latch a “sample-and-hold”; ignoring reconstruction filtering requirements for DAC outputs.

Final Answer:
Incorrect