Harbour components and berthing: identify the correct statements regarding breakwaters, quay-wall features, and inclined quays.

Introduction / Context:Breakwaters provide wave protection; quay walls provide a berthing face and retain fill; and layout choices such as inclined quays influence effective berth length and operations. Recognizing these terms is essential in harbour planning.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Breakwaters are protective barriers forming sheltered basins.
• Quay walls often receive fendering/facing to protect both wall and ships.
• Geometry of inclined quays modifies effective berth length measured along the waterfront.

Concept / Approach:(a) A breakwater shields the interior waters for safe anchorage and manoeuvring. (b) Quay faces are fitted with fendering systems (battens, rub-strakes, elastomeric fenders) providing a smooth, energy-absorbing interface—often generically referred to as fending. (c) The projection of berth length along a skewed (inclined) quay depends on its angle, hence can be adjusted by geometry.

Step-by-Step Solution:Check (a): Correct definition of breakwater.Check (b): Protective smoothened/fendered face functions as the berthing interface—loosely called fending in practice.Check (c): Changing the inclination alters the available lineal berthing distance for a given waterfront frontage.Thus, all statements hold.

Verification / Alternative check:Harbour manuals describe breakwaters and berth-face fendering; plan geometry directly affects effective berth length.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Selecting fewer than all omits accepted harbour design concepts.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing 'coping' (top cap) with 'fendering' (berthing protection).

Final Answer:All the above.