Statement: Should university examination bodies permit calculators in all exams? Arguments: I. No. Students must practice manual calculation to cement core concepts. II. Yes. With computers everywhere, manual calculation is unnecessary. Choose the option that best identifies the strong argument(s).

Introduction / Context:Assessment should test understanding, not just tool use. Calculator policy depends on learning outcomes for each course.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Foundations (arithmetic, algebra manipulation) are best verified manually.
• Advanced courses may allow calculators when focus is modeling/interpretation.

Concept / Approach:We are judging a blanket permission policy. Strong arguments should reflect pedagogy.

Step-by-Step Solution:I emphasizes conceptual mastery via manual practice. This is pedagogically sound for many foundational evaluations. Strong.II overgeneralizes: ubiquity of computers does not remove the need to assess core skills. Weak as a blanket reason.

Verification / Alternative check:Balanced policy: allow calculators selectively; thus I is stronger against universal permission.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:II alone, either, both, or neither misclassify strengths.

Common Pitfalls:Equating tool availability with educational need.

Final Answer:if only Arguments I is strong