Opines in crown gall tumors Which opine classes can be present in plant crown gall tissues induced by Agrobacterium?

Introduction / Context:
Opines are unusual amino acid–derived compounds synthesized by T-DNA-transformed plant cells. Their profiles (octopine, nopaline, agropine, and related types) help classify Ti plasmids and confirm successful Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Recognizing opine diversity is important for diagnostics and historical understanding of Ti plasmid biology.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Crown gall tissues carry integrated T-DNA expressing opine synthase genes.
• Different Ti plasmid types encode different opine synthases.
• Question asks which opines can be present overall, not in a single tumor simultaneously.

Concept / Approach:
Octopine-type Ti plasmids drive octopine synthesis; nopaline-type produce nopaline; agropine-type produce agropine and sometimes related opines. Hence, across crown gall cases, all these opines are encountered. Each opine type reflects the plasmid carried by the infecting Agrobacterium strain.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Paper chromatography and later HPLC analyses of tumor extracts historically distinguished octopine vs nopaline tumors, establishing the correlation between opine profile and Ti plasmid type.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Single opine choices ignore diversity across strains.
• Normal plant amino acids: opines are novel conjugates not made by untransformed tissues.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming a single tumor makes multiple unrelated opines; typically, the opine profile reflects the infecting plasmid type, not a mixture from all classes.

Final Answer:
All of these