Liposome-mediated gene transfer in plants — features of the method Which statements correctly describe liposome-mediated gene transfer (bioliposome fusion) into plant protoplasts?

Introduction / Context:
Liposome-mediated delivery packages nucleic acids in phospholipid vesicles that can merge with cellular membranes. In plants, the absence of the cell wall (protoplast preparation) facilitates direct fusion and cytosolic release of DNA or RNA.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Liposomes are biocompatible carriers for nucleic acids.
• Membrane fusion is a central step for payload delivery.
• PEG is often used as a fusogen to increase fusion frequency.

Concept / Approach:

In liposome-mediated transfer, plasmid DNA is enclosed inside lipid bilayers to shield it and allow membrane fusion. Protoplasts present a plasma membrane accessible for fusion. PEG enhances fusion probability. Therefore, all three listed statements accurately reflect the method, while bacteriophage transduction is unrelated.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Experimental reports show PEG-enhanced liposome fusion increases gene transfer rates, supporting the combined statements.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Phage transduction operates in bacterial hosts and is not a plant protoplast delivery mechanism.

Common Pitfalls:

Conflating chemical (PEG), physical (electroporation), and vesicular (liposome) delivery methods; they are distinct but can be combined strategically.

Final Answer:

All of the above