In Management Information Systems (MIS) governance, which external stakeholder groups usually receive formal education or training on their roles within the MIS?

Introduction / Context:
MIS success depends on informed participation by users and managers. However, not every stakeholder is directly trained. This question distinguishes internal users from external parties who typically do not receive system-role training.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Training typically targets internal users: employees, managers, admins.
• External stakeholders (e.g., regulators, stockholders) interact via reports or disclosures, not operational roles inside the MIS.

Concept / Approach:
Formal MIS role education is given to those who operate, manage, or administer the system. Government officials and stockholders may review outputs, but they are not assigned operational roles requiring training in the organization’s MIS.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Training plans and role-based access matrices show internal roles (operators, analysts, approvers) receiving education; external parties get reports, not system training.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
“Government” and “stockholders” are not typically trained in internal MIS usage; “both” contradicts practice; “None” is incorrect because an answer exists.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing compliance briefings or investor presentations with role-based MIS training.

Final Answer:
neither (a) nor (b)