Management theory: which elements are included in a systems theory view of management and organizational control?

Introduction / Context:
Systems theory views an organization as an open system interacting with its environment. Management, under this lens, continuously compares objectives to actual outcomes and adjusts processes using feedback. Recognizing the components of this control loop helps managers design effective information systems and performance measures.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Managers function as controllers within the system.
• Both external (market, regulation) and internal (operations) information inform goals.
• Standards/targets and actual results are compared to drive corrective action.

Concept / Approach:
The systems view includes inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and control. Managers set objectives, monitor outputs via MIS/DSS, compare to standards, and intervene. Environmental scanning and internal metrics both shape target levels, while feedback loops close the gap between desired and actual performance.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Classic control models (plan → do → check → act) and cybernetic views align precisely with these elements.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each single option is true but incomplete alone; systems theory requires all components working together.

Common Pitfalls:
Overemphasizing internal metrics while ignoring environmental shifts; effective control considers both.

Final Answer:
All of the above