Horizontal gene transfer vocabulary: What is the term for the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterium and its incorporation into the bacterial genome?

Introduction / Context:
Bacteria exchange genetic information through several horizontal gene transfer mechanisms. Correctly naming each pathway is essential for understanding natural competence, phage biology, and plasmid-mediated exchange.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• “Naked DNA” in the environment implies free DNA not packaged in phage or transferred by direct cell contact.
• Integration into the genome may occur via homologous recombination after uptake.
• We are not dealing with phage particles or conjugative pili.

Concept / Approach:

Transformation is the uptake of environmental DNA by competent cells, followed by recombination. Transduction involves bacteriophage-mediated DNA transfer. Conjugation requires direct cell-to-cell contact using a conjugative plasmid. Lysogenic conversion refers to phenotypic changes from prophage carriage.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Classic experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Griffith, Avery–MacLeod–McCarty) established transformation as DNA-based inheritance.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Lysogenic conversion: prophage genes alter phenotype (e.g., toxin production), not free DNA uptake.

Conjugation: plasmid transfer via pilus, not environmental DNA.

Transduction: DNA packaged in phage heads, not “naked.”

Common Pitfalls:

Using “transduction” generically for any DNA transfer; each mechanism has distinct vehicles and requirements.

Final Answer:

transformation