Information quality attributes: To be useful for managerial decision-making, information should be accurate, timely, complete, and _____.

Introduction / Context:
Information quality directly affects decision speed and correctness. Classic quality criteria include accuracy (freedom from error), timeliness (freshness), completeness (no critical gaps), and conciseness (no unnecessary bulk). This question asks you to identify the missing attribute that complements the others.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Managers face limited time and cognitive bandwidth.
• Overly long or cluttered reports hide the signal.
• Conciseness emphasizes relevance and brevity without losing meaning.

Concept / Approach:
Useful information is not just correct and current; it must be succinct so that exceptions, trends, and insights are immediately visible. Executive dashboards, summaries, and KPIs exemplify conciseness by distilling detail into decision-ready views while allowing drill-down for detail on demand.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Information design practices (for example, executive summaries, traffic-light indicators) explicitly target conciseness to reduce decision latency.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• accuracy: duplicates “accurate,” not the missing term.
• simulation/decision: not quality attributes; they are methods or outcomes.
• None: incorrect because the canonical attribute is available.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing brevity with omission—concise should still preserve essential context and traceability.

Final Answer:
concise