Project scoping in MIS: which of the following is NOT a factor that increases or affects the difficulty of a Management Information System implementation?

Introduction / Context:
MIS projects are socio-technical endeavors. Their complexity depends not only on technology but also on organizational goals, legacy constraints, leadership competence, and workforce buy-in. Identifying these factors is essential for realistic planning, risk management, and change leadership.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The options list four broad influences on project difficulty.
• We consider classic determinants: goals clarity, legacy complexity, management capability, and culture/attitudes.
• We assume a typical enterprise environment with multiple stakeholders.

Concept / Approach:
Each listed item demonstrably affects implementation difficulty. Ambiguous or shifting objectives lead to scope creep. Legacy systems constrain integration and data quality. Management abilities (governance, sponsorship, decision speed) drive momentum. Employee attitudes influence adoption, training success, and realization of benefits. Therefore, none of the options can be excluded as a factor; “None of the above” is correct because all are indeed factors that affect difficulty.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Project postmortems routinely cite unclear objectives, legacy complexity, weak sponsorship, and resistance to change as top reasons for difficulty or failure.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual option is a valid difficulty driver; choosing it as “not a factor” would contradict widely observed project dynamics.

Common Pitfalls:
Focusing solely on technology while neglecting governance and culture; underestimating data migration and legacy integration challenges.

Final Answer:
None of the above