In Management Information Systems (MIS), how should functional information subsystems be classified so that they cover the full data life cycle—from capture, through transformation, to delivery?

Introduction / Context:
Functional information subsystems in Management Information Systems are often analyzed by how data moves through the organization. A complete MIS must capture data, transform it into information, and finally distribute that information to decision makers. This question tests recognition of the full data life cycle and the standard classification that supports it.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• An MIS serves operational, managerial, and strategic levels.
• Every subsystem should be mapped to the stages of data handling.
• We seek the classification that is comprehensive rather than partial.

Concept / Approach:
The canonical way to categorize the flow is into three linked stages: input (data capture and validation), processing (aggregation, calculation, transformation, storage), and output (reporting, dashboards, alerts). A subsystem architecture that omits any one of these stages is incomplete and will frustrate users due to missing capture, inadequate transformation, or poor delivery of results.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Systems analysis methodologies (e.g., Data Flow Diagrams) and modern data pipelines (ETL/ELT) both mirror this triad, confirming that the complete classification is input, processing, and output.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Input and output only: Lacks the essential transformation stage.
• Processing and output only: Ignores data capture and validation.
• Input and processing only: Omits delivery to decision makers.
• None: Incorrect because a standard complete set exists.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming processing alone guarantees value; without reliable input and effective output, the MIS will underperform.

Final Answer:
input, processing, and output subsystems