Classical management contributors: which idea(s) are credited to Frederic W. Taylor within scientific management history?

Introduction / Context:
Understanding who contributed which concepts helps anchor MIS within broader management history. Frederic W. Taylor is associated with scientific management, time-and-motion studies, and efficiency-focused principles, which influenced how modern information systems measure and improve work.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Taylor’s work centers on standardization, measurement, and managerial control.
• “Management functions” (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling) are commonly attributed to Henri Fayol.
• We must choose which idea aligns with Taylor.

Concept / Approach:
Taylor emphasized management by facts, standard methods, and exceptions receiving managerial attention—often summarized as the “exception principle,” where routine cases follow standard procedures while deviations escalate. The formal taxonomy of management functions is linked to Fayol, not Taylor.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Management history surveys place Taylor’s legacy in standardization and exception handling; Fayol’s in articulating functions of management.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Management functions: Generally attributed to Fayol, not Taylor.
• Both/Neither: Both is inaccurate; neither ignores Taylor’s exception emphasis.
• None: Incorrect because Taylor is associated with the exception principle.

Common Pitfalls:
Conflating early theorists’ contributions; assuming all classical ideas came from one person.

Final Answer:
the exception principle