Who is the shortest? A, B, C, D, and E have different heights. D is only shorter than B (so D is second-tallest). E is shorter than both A and C. Identify the shortest person.

Introduction / Context:
We must infer a full order (or enough of it) from pairwise comparisons. “D is only shorter than B” pins D as the second-tallest and B as tallest. Another clause pushes E below A and C. Combined, these fix E at the bottom.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• D is only shorter than B ⇒ B is tallest, D is second-tallest.
• E is shorter than A and C ⇒ A > E and C > E.
• All heights are distinct.

Concept / Approach:
Since D is taller than everyone except B, D > A, D > C, and D > E. Also B > D. Because E is shorter than A and C, and also shorter than D (second-tallest) and B (tallest), E must be the global minimum.

Step-by-Step Ordering:

Verification / Alternative check:
Try any heights consistent with B > D and D > (A, C, E) and (A, C) > E. E always ends up at the bottom.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• A or C: Each is above E.
• Data inadequate: Not so; E is forced to the bottom by the constraints.

Common Pitfalls:
Misreading “only shorter than B” as “shorter than only B and someone else.” It strictly means D is second-tallest.

Final Answer:
E