Some forks are bowls + All bowls are plates = I + A = I = Some forks are plates ? conversion ? Some plates are forks(I). Hence II follows. Some forks are plates + Some plates are utensils = I + I = No conclusion Hence I does not follow. Some spoons are forks + Some forks are plates = I + I = NO conclusion Hence III and IV do not follow.
All walls are floors + All floors are rooms = A + A = A = All walls are rooms Hence I follows. Some doors are walls + All walls are floors = I + A = I = Some doors are rooms ? conversion ? Some rooms are doors (I). Hence II follows. Conversion of gives us III. Some doors are walls + All walls are floors = I + A = I = Some doors (I) Hence IV follows.
Some grapes are apples + Some apples are bananas = I + I = No conclusion So we can't move any further for ' grape' and this rules out I and II. Some apples are banana + All banana are guava = I + A = I = Some apples are guavas ? conversion ? Some guavas are apples (I). Hence III follows All bananas are guavas + No guava is pomegranates. Hence IV follows.
Some flowers are buds + All buds are leaves + All leaves are plants = (I + A) + A = I = Some flowers are plants ? conversion ? Some plants are flowers (I). Hence I followers. Some roses are flowers + Some flowers are buds = I + I = No conclusion Hence II and IV do not follow by combination. Nor can III follow. However, II and IV form a complementary I-E pair, Hence either II or IV follows.
Some cushions are trolleys + All trolleys are lamps = I + A = I = Some cushions are lamps Hence III follows. All chairs are tables + All tables are cushions = A + A = A = All chairs are cushions Hence IV follows All tables are cushions + Some cushions are trolleys = A + I = No conclusion Hence I does not follow. All chairs are cushions + Some cushions are trolleys = A + I = No conclusion Hence II does not follow.
Some sparrows are crow + Some crows are pigeons = I + I = No conclusion Hence III does not follow. Some crows are pigeons (I) ? conversion ? Some pigeons are crows (I) Now, all parrots are pigeons + Some pigeons are crows = A + I = No conclusion Hence II does not follow. Nor does IV follow. However conversion II from an I-E complementary pair with IV, Hence either I or IV follows. Some sparrows are crows(I) ? conversion ? Some crows are sparrows + All sparrows are koels ? conversion ? Some koels are crows (I). Hence I.
Some desks are benches ? (I) conversion ? Some benches are desks (I) + Some desks are sofas = I + I = No conclusion Hence I does not follow. All tables are desks + Some desks are sofas = A + I = No conclusion Hence II does not follow. All tables are desks + Some desks are benches + A + I = No conclusion Hence III does not follow. For the same reason IV too does not follow.
I-type statements can't be combined. However, I and III form a complementary I-E pair, Hence either I or III follows.
Some gems are boxes + All boxes are sticks = I + A = I = Some gems are sticks ? Conversion ? Some sticks are gems (I) Hence I follows All dolls are toys + Some toys are gems No conclusion Hence II and consequently III do not follow. All toys are dolls (A) ? conversion ? Some toys are dolls (I) Hence IV follows.
Some nights are weeks + All weeks are months = I + A = I = Some nights are month ? conversion ? Some months are nights (I) Hence III follows. = Some nights are month + All months are years = I + A = I Some nights are year ? conversion ? Some years are nights (I) Hence I follows. All weeks are months + All months are years = A + A = A = All weeks are years ? conversion ? Some years are weeks (I) Hence IV follows. Some days are nights + Some nights are years = I + I = No conclusion Hence II does not follow.
Some pins are threats + All threats are clothes = I + A = I = Some pins are clothes ? conversion ? Some clothes are pins (I) Hence I follows. Some doors are handles + All handles are pins = I + A = I = Some doors are pins ? conversion ? Some pins are doors (I) Hence II follows. All handles are pins + Some pins are clothes = I + A = No conclusion Hence III does not follow. Nor does IV follow consequently.
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