Assertion–Reason (Two Reasons): Assertion (A): Youth music preferences have shifted from Indian ghazals/Bollywood to American hip hop and rock. Reason (R1): American music is more lively. Reason (R2): Ghazals and Bollywood music are difficult to understand.

Introduction / Context:
This item involves cultural preference shifts. We must see whether the stated reasons could plausibly contribute to the asserted change, recognizing that music taste is multi-factorial and subjective.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• (A) Claims a shift in youth preferences.
• (R1) Says American genres are “more lively.”
• (R2) Says ghazals/Bollywood are “difficult to understand.”

Concept / Approach:
While both reasons are value-laden, they capture plausible perceived attributes affecting youth choices: tempo/energy for (R1); linguistic/poetic complexity or formalism for (R2). Explanations in cultural domains need not be absolute to be contributory.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Other drivers (globalization, streaming platforms, peer influence) also operate, but (R1) and (R2) remain credible contributors.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
(a) or (b) over-privilege a single factor; (d) denies reasonable influences; (e) is unnecessary hedging when both are plausible.

Common Pitfalls:
Treating cultural claims as universal; ignoring plurality of drivers.

Final Answer:
Option C: Both (R1) and (R2) are reasons.