Assertion–Reason (Vehicular emissions as an environmental concern) Assertion (A): Vehicular emissions are a cause of concern for environmentalists. Reason (R1): Emissions contain several gases and particulates that are harmful to human health. Reason (R2): In cities, emission levels from vehicles can be very high. Select which reason(s) truly explain A.
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AIf only reason 1 (R1) and not reason 2 (R2) is the reason for the assertion (A).
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BIf only reason 2 (R2) and not reason 1 (R1) is the reason for the assertion (A).
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CIf both (R1) and (R2) are reasons for the assertion (A).
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DIf neither (R1) nor (R2) is the reason for the assertion (A).
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: If both (R1) and (R2) are reasons for the assertion (A).
Explanation
Introduction / Context:Environmental concern around transport arises from toxicity and scale. This item asks whether toxicity (R1) and elevated urban levels (R2) together justify the assertion (A).
Given Data / Assumptions:
- A: Vehicular emissions are concerning.
- R1: Composition includes harmful gases/particulates.
- R2: Urban emission levels often become high (density of vehicles, congestion patterns).
Concept / Approach:Risk = hazard × exposure. R1 states the hazard; R2 describes higher exposure contexts. Both combine to elevate risk and justify the concern in A.
Step-by-Step Solution:
1) R1 addresses harmfulness → reason for concern.2) R2 addresses magnitude/frequency of exposure in cities → amplifies concern.3) Hence, both (R1) and (R2) are valid reasons.Verification / Alternative check:Health studies link traffic emissions to cardiopulmonary morbidity; urban peaks are consistently documented—aligning with R1 and R2.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:A or B alone under-explain; D ignores both hazard and exposure.
Common Pitfalls:Forgetting that concern rises with both danger and dose.
Final Answer:If both (R1) and (R2) are reasons for the assertion (A).