Why hardware testing matters for HDL stepper designs Beyond simulation, why should you perform a real hardware functional test of an HDL stepper-motor controller?

Introduction / Context:
Simulations validate logic, but electromechanical systems add real-world variables. Stepper motors draw phase currents that depend on driver topology, supply voltage, winding resistance/inductance, and stepping profile. Verifying current in hardware protects the motor and driver.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• HDL generates coil-enable patterns (full/half/microstep).
• A real driver stage (for example, chopper driver/H-bridge) powers the motor.
• Motor current must stay within datasheet ratings to avoid overheating.

Concept / Approach:
Logic may be correct, yet current can be excessive due to wiring errors, wrong decay mode, insufficient current limiting, or incorrect microstep tables. Hardware tests with a current probe or sense resistor confirm that phase currents track the intended limits during acceleration, steady stepping, and hold states.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Cross-check current measurements with thermal behavior and torque output; confirm no missed steps or acoustic resonance that might indicate drive issues.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Software speed: HDL timing in hardware is deterministic; the concern is electromechanical current, not software throughput.
• Voltage levels of real outputs: Important, but current is the critical safety/performance metric for motors.
• Provide a fully operational system: A broad goal, not the specific reason most unique to steppers.

Common Pitfalls:
Relying only on logic simulation; ignoring inductive kick and driver decay modes; not validating hold current reduction to reduce heating.

Final Answer:
To check the current levels in the motor