Artificial intelligence history: who is credited with creating the LISP programming language used widely in symbolic AI research?

Introduction / Context:
LISP is one of the oldest high-level languages, tightly linked to the evolution of artificial intelligence and symbolic computation. Knowing its origin provides context for features such as homoiconicity, lists as primary data structures, and powerful metaprogramming capabilities through macros.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks for the individual credited with creating LISP.
• Other names listed are AI luminaries, but not the specific creator.
• We focus on historical attribution rather than later contributions.

Concept / Approach:
John McCarthy designed LISP in the late 1950s, publishing the seminal work that introduced list processing and the eval function. Marvin Minsky contributed greatly to AI theory and co-founded MIT’s AI Lab. Alan Turing laid theoretical foundations of computation but did not create LISP. Newell and Simon advanced cognitive architectures and symbolic AI, but also did not create LISP.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical records and McCarthy’s own papers clearly attribute LISP’s creation to him, with subsequent development by many contributors.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming AI pioneers created all major AI artifacts; many contributed in different, complementary ways.

Final Answer:
John McCarthy