In philosophical classifications of AI, “Strong AI” refers to which position about machine minds and cognition?

Introduction / Context:
Artificial intelligence discussions often distinguish between “weak” (or “narrow”) AI and “strong” AI. The distinction is philosophical as much as technical and centers on whether a machine can possess a mind or genuine understanding, as opposed to simply simulating intelligent behavior.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question targets the meaning of “Strong AI.”
• Options include weaker positions about simulation or study of mind.
• We assume the standard philosophical usage.

Concept / Approach:
Strong AI asserts that suitably programmed computers can have real minds, consciousness, or understanding—not just the appearance of intelligence. In contrast, claims about producing intelligent-looking outputs (option b) or using computers to study cognition (option c) align with weak AI or cognitive modeling perspectives, not Strong AI.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Philosophy of mind and AI textbooks consistently define Strong AI as the thesis that a computer can literally understand and have mental states if appropriately programmed.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (b) Describes weak AI: simulation without claim of understanding.
• (c) Describes computational cognitive science, not Strong AI.
• (d) “All” is false because the three positions conflict.
• (e) “None” is false because (a) is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing success in tasks with claims about consciousness; equating performance benchmarks with philosophical commitments.

Final Answer:
The embodiment of human intellectual capabilities within a computer (machines can genuinely think).