Microarray fabrication: Which manufacturing technologies are used to create high-density microarrays for genomics and proteomics?

Introduction / Context:
Microarrays place thousands to millions of probes on small substrates for parallel biological measurements. Multiple engineering routes exist to pattern probes with positional precision and adequate feature density.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Candidate technologies: photolithography, ink-jet deposition, and contact printing.
• Goal is to immobilize oligonucleotides or biomolecules at defined coordinates.
• All three methods are widely cited in microarray literature.

Concept / Approach:
Photolithography enables in situ probe synthesis using light-directed deprotection across a mask or micro-mirror system. Ink-jetting delivers small droplets to defined spots. Contact printing uses pins to transfer probe solutions to surfaces. Each has advantages in feature size, flexibility, and cost.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Commercial platforms and academic labs employ all three strategies, with trade-offs in density, uniformity, and customization throughput.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming only one “standard” method exists; in practice, platform choice depends on application and cost.

Final Answer:
All of these.