Conservation of genetic resources: Gene banks typically conserve which types of plant materials for long-term preservation and breeding use?

Introduction / Context:
Gene banks safeguard plant biodiversity and provide breeders with access to diverse germplasm. Different species require different storage strategies depending on seed physiology and propagation method.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Orthodox seeds tolerate drying and freezing for long-term storage.
• Recalcitrant seeds and clonally propagated crops require alternative methods.
• Vegetative tissues (for example, tubers, cuttings, in vitro cultures) are often necessary for clonally maintained crops.

Concept / Approach:
Comprehensive gene banks maintain both seeds and vegetative materials, sometimes including cryopreservation of shoot tips or in vitro slow-growth collections, to accommodate species that cannot be preserved as dry seed.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
International genebanks (for example, CGIAR centers) maintain seed banks and field/in vitro collections, validating dual strategies.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming that one preservation method fits all species.

Final Answer:
Both seed and vegetative material.