Assay format in microarray analysis: Modern microarray workflows carry out biological assays primarily on which type of substrate?

Introduction / Context:
Microarray assays rely on immobilized probes arranged in high-density patterns on solid substrates. The substrate must support surface chemistry for probe attachment, optical transparency for scanning, and dimensional stability.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Microarrays are high-density, chip-based devices for parallel analysis.
• Common substrates include glass slides and specialized polymers.
• Assays involve hybridization or binding events detected via imaging.

Concept / Approach:
Glass chips provide flatness, optical clarity, and robust chemistries (for example, aldehyde, epoxide, silane) to immobilize DNA, proteins, or glycans. They are compatible with fluorescence scanners and automated spotters.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Industry-standard microarray formats use microscope-slide-sized glass chips with standardized dimensions for printers and scanners.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing microarrays with electrophoretic methods; both are analytical but use different platforms.

Final Answer:
Small glass chips (or similar solid substrates) patterned with probes.