Composition of a Management Information System (MIS): An MIS is composed of which combination of resources and elements in an organization?

Introduction / Context:
A Management Information System (MIS) is a socio-technical system that transforms raw data into useful information for decision-making. It comprises multiple interdependent components. This question asks you to identify the complete set among the choices provided.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• MIS includes technical layers (hardware, software, databases).
• MIS also includes people and the information they produce and use.
• Processes and procedures are implicit within how these components work together.

Concept / Approach:
Because each listed item is an essential part of MIS—data as inputs, software to process, hardware to run, and people to interpret and act on information—the correct answer aggregates all of them. Omitting any part weakens the system’s ability to deliver value.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard MIS definitions enumerate people, processes, data, and technology; the options collectively cover these domains.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Equating MIS with hardware or software only; ignoring the critical role of users and information quality.

Final Answer:
All of the above