Statement–Assumption — Bottled water companies X and Y deny contamination: “Our products are made under rigorous quality control meeting all BIS standards.” Assumptions: I) Production under rigorous quality control yields trustworthy (safe) results. II) The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the competent authority to set quality benchmarks. Choose the implicit assumption(s).
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Aif only assumption I is implicit.
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Bif only assumption II is implicit.
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Cif either I or II is implicit.
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Dif neither I nor II is implicit.
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: None of these
Explanation
Introduction / Context:The companies rebut contamination allegations by citing two pillars: (1) “rigorous quality control,” and (2) conformity to BIS standards. In argument analysis, when a defence invokes two independent supports, the speaker typically presupposes both supports are credible and relevant.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Claim: water is not contaminated.
- Support A: rigorous QC during production.
- Support B: compliance with BIS standards.
Concept / Approach:Assumption I is required because the defence appeals to QC; if rigorous QC could still yield untrustworthy outputs, invoking it would not reassure. Assumption II is also required since the defence leverages BIS compliance; if BIS were not recognized as the legitimate standard-setter, that appeal would be toothless. Therefore the argument relies on both I and II. However, the option set does not include “both I and II.” In such cases, the correct selection is “None of these,” which stands for “none of the four preceding patterns (only I / only II / either / neither) describes the situation,” leaving “both” as the implied resolution.
Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Identify each cited warrant (QC and BIS) and its corresponding assumption.2) Test necessity: removing either warrant undermines the defence’s persuasive force.3) Map to choices: since “both” is absent, pick “None of these.”Verification / Alternative check:Real-world corporate responses regularly pair internal process assurances with external standard compliance precisely because both together build credibility.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only I/II” ignores one pillar; “either” treats them as substitutes, but both are claimed; “neither” contradicts the structure of the defence.
Common Pitfalls:Forgetting that “None of these” often encodes the “both” case when not otherwise provided.
Final Answer:None of these (both Assumptions I and II are implicit).