Question 1

In a certain code language, the word "CAUGHT" is written as the number code "125679" and the word "HEN" is written as "740". Using the same letter–digit pattern, how will the word "TAUGHT" be written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This coding and decoding problem tests your ability to identify a consistent mapping between letters of the alphabet and digits. You are given how two English words are written in code, and you must extend exactly the same pattern to a third word. Such questions appear frequently in bank exams, SSC, and other aptitude tests under verbal reasoning or coding–decoding. Given Data / Assumptions: "CAUGHT" is coded as "125679". "HEN" is coded as "740". The code for "TAUGHT" must follow exactly the same letter–digit correspondence. The mapping from each letter to its digit is consistent wherever that letter appears. Concept / Approach: The key idea is that each letter is replaced by a single fixed digit. Once we know which digit stands for which letter from the given words, we simply apply the same mapping to the new word. There is no need for arithmetic with the digits; it is a direct substitution scheme. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Write CAUGHT under its code 125679. C A U G H T 1 2 5 6 7 9 So C → 1, A → 2, U → 5, G → 6, H → 7, T → 9. Step 2: Use HEN → 740 to confirm and extend. H E N 7 4 0 We already had H → 7, which matches. Now we also get E → 4 and N → 0. Step 3: Now encode TAUGHT using this mapping. T → 9, A → 2, U → 5, G → 6, H → 7, T → 9. Step 4: Write the digits together in order: 9 2 5 6 7 9 → 925679. Verification / Alternative check: Check that every letter used in the new word already has a defined digit: T, A, U, G, H all appear in CAUGHT, so their codes are firmly fixed. There is no contradiction between CAUGHT and HEN, which confirms that our letter–digit dictionary is consistent. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options "952679", "925697", and "952697" all scramble one or more digits. They do not keep the exact order T-A-U-G-H-T → 9-2-5-6-7-9. In a pure substitution code, the order of letters must translate to the same order of digits. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to focus only on the first word, ignore the second, and then guess the pattern. Another error is to rearrange digits or to average or add them. In this type of question, each letter maps to a unique digit and the positions must remain aligned. Final Answer: Therefore, in that code language, "TAUGHT" is written as 925679.

Question 2

In a certain code language, the sentence "Siberia is a cold place" is written as "a cold is place Siberia", and the sentence "water freezes to ice here" is coded as "freezes here ice to water". Following the same coding rule, how will the sentence "…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the word rearrangement type of coding–decoding. The words themselves are not changed into symbols or numbers; instead, only their order within the sentence is altered according to a rule. You must identify the ordering rule from the examples and then apply it to a new sentence. Given Data / Assumptions: "Siberia is a cold place" → "a cold is place Siberia". "water freezes to ice here" → "freezes here ice to water". We must code "covers ten per cent of earth". The same ordering rule is applied consistently to any sentence. Concept / Approach: Look at the original and coded sentences and focus on the order of words. The actual words are unchanged, only their positions move. A very natural and common pattern is that words are simply arranged in alphabetical order based on standard dictionary order. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Analyse the first example. Original words: Siberia, is, a, cold, place. Sorted alphabetically: a, cold, is, place, Siberia. The coded form is exactly "a cold is place Siberia". Step 2: Analyse the second example. Original words: water, freezes, to, ice, here. Alphabetical order: freezes, here, ice, to, water. The coded form "freezes here ice to water" matches this order. Step 3: Apply the same idea to the new sentence. Sentence: "covers ten per cent of earth". Conceptually, the meaningful words are covers, ten, percent, of, earth. We treat "percent" as one word corresponding to "per cent". Step 4: Arrange these words in dictionary order: covers (c), earth (e), of (o), percent (p), ten (t). So the coded sentence is: "covers earth of percent ten". Verification / Alternative check: You can quickly check that each option contains exactly the same set of words, only in different orders. Only option D matches the alphabetical order pattern that we have verified with both given examples. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A ends with "of", which breaks the alphabetical order. Options B and C start or place words in an order that does not follow c, e, o, p, t. They may look grammatical, but the question is about the coding rule, not English style. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes overthink and look for complex symbol mappings when the rule is just alphabetical ordering. Another common mistake is to treat "per cent" as two separate tokens instead of one concept "percent", which confuses the ordering. Final Answer: Hence, "covers ten per cent of earth" is written as covers earth of percent ten in that code language.

Question 3

In a certain code language, the sentence "it is dark outside" is written as "ha no ti ju", the sentence "is it still raining" is written as "pa ha da no", and the sentence "go and play outside" is written as "su ju ye la". Based on this information,…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a classic word-to-code mapping question. Several sentences are given in English along with their coded forms. Each distinct word is consistently represented by a particular two-letter code. The task is to identify which specific code corresponds to the word "dark". Given Data / Assumptions: "it is dark outside" → "ha no ti ju". "is it still raining" → "pa ha da no". "go and play outside" → "su ju ye la". Each word has one fixed code across all sentences. Word order in the code is not important for this question; only the matching of sets matters. Concept / Approach: To find the code for a particular word, compare sentences that share some words. Common words will share common codes. Any code appearing only once in a sentence, when all other codes are identified, must belong to the remaining word in that sentence. Here, we exploit overlaps between the given sentences. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: List words and codes for the first sentence. "it is dark outside" → "ha no ti ju". Words: it, is, dark, outside. Codes: ha, no, ti, ju. Step 2: Compare with the second sentence. "is it still raining" → "pa ha da no". Words: is, it, still, raining. Codes: pa, ha, da, no. Common words in sentence 1 and 2: "is" and "it". Common codes in sentence 1 and 2: "ha" and "no". Therefore, "is" and "it" must correspond to "ha" and "no" in some order. Step 3: Compare sentence 1 and 3. "go and play outside" → "su ju ye la". Common word between sentence 1 and 3 is "outside". Common code between sentence 1 and 3 is "ju". Therefore, "outside" → "ju". Step 4: Now find "dark". Sentence 1 codes: ha, no, ti, ju. We already know: "is" / "it" → ha or no, and "outside" → ju. The only unused code in this sentence is "ti", so "dark" must map to "ti". Verification / Alternative check: Check that "ti" does not appear in any other sentence as the code for a shared word. The second and third sentences do not have "ti" at all, which is consistent because they do not contain the word "dark". Why Other Options Are Wrong: "ha" and "no" belong to the pair "is" and "it". "su" and "ye" appear in the third sentence, which has no word in common with "dark". Using any of these codes for "dark" would create contradictions in the shared-sentence logic. Common Pitfalls: Many learners try to guess based on position or randomly assign codes. The correct approach is to use intersection of word sets and code sets carefully. Always match common words with common codes before assigning the remaining code to the remaining word. Final Answer: In that code language, the word "dark" is written as ti.

Question 4

The following question is about data sufficiency in a coded language. You must decide which statements provide enough information to determine the code for the word "Actor". What is the code of "Actor"?  Statement I: In a certain language, "road tri…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a combined data sufficiency and coding–decoding question. Rather than directly asking for the actual code of "Actor", the question asks whether the given statements provide enough information to determine that code. Understanding how to judge sufficiency without fully solving every mapping is an important exam skill. Given Data / Assumptions: All words are written using three distinct code symbols in each coded phrase. Each word is represented by one code token and each token represents one word within this question. Statement I: "road trip wine" → "bk mk tk"; "wine actor photo" → "gk rk bk". Statement II: "photo wine cycle" → "bk ak rk"; "cycle actor photo" → "gk ak rk". We must decide which statement(s) allow us to determine the code for the word "Actor". Concept / Approach: In coding–decoding sufficiency problems, we compare pairs of sentences that share words. A word common to two sentences must correspond to the code token common to their coded versions. Once we identify codes for some words, we check whether we can uniquely assign a code to "Actor". We then evaluate whether each statement alone is enough or whether they must be combined. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Work with Statement I only. From "road trip wine" → "bk mk tk" and "wine actor photo" → "gk rk bk", the common word is "wine" and the common code is "bk". So wine → bk. Then in "wine actor photo" → "gk rk bk", the remaining codes gk and rk represent "actor" and "photo", but we cannot tell which is which. So Statement I alone is not sufficient. Step 2: Work with Statement II only. From "photo wine cycle" → "bk ak rk" and "cycle actor photo" → "gk ak rk", the common words are "photo" and "cycle" and the common codes are ak and rk. Codes gk and bk appear only once each, but linking them uniquely to specific words requires knowledge of "wine" from another statement. So Statement II alone is also not sufficient. Step 3: Combine Statements I and II. From Statement I, wine → bk. Substitute this into "photo wine cycle" → "bk ak rk". Now bk is already used for wine, so ak and rk must represent "photo" and "cycle" in some order. Next, consider "cycle actor photo" → "gk ak rk". Here "cycle" and "photo" already use ak and rk, leaving gk as the only remaining code. Therefore gk must represent "actor". Thus, using both statements together, we can determine a unique code for "Actor". Verification / Alternative check: If we remove either statement, the code of "actor" is ambiguous between two possibilities. Only the combination resolves the ambiguity. This confirms that both I and II together are necessary and sufficient. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options A and B incorrectly claim that one statement alone is sufficient. Option D claims that even together they are not sufficient, which is false. Option E claims that either alone is enough, which contradicts the clear ambiguity when each is used by itself. Common Pitfalls: Test-takers often rush and pick a statement that seems rich in information without actually checking whether the mapping is unique. It is vital to check for leftover ambiguity in the code assignments. Final Answer: The correct choice is that both statements together are sufficient, but neither alone is sufficient, so the answer is option C as rewritten above.

Question 5

In a certain code language, the word "FRIED" is written as "EQHDC". Using the same letter-shift pattern, how is the word "RUSTY" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a letter-shifting coding–decoding question, sometimes called a Caesar cipher style problem. A given word is encoded by shifting each of its letters forward or backward by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Once you identify the shift used for one word, you apply it to a second word. Given Data / Assumptions: "FRIED" is coded as "EQHDC". We must find the code for "RUSTY" using the same rule. The English alphabet is used with A as 1, B as 2, ..., Z as 26. The shift is uniform for all letters in the same word. Concept / Approach: To discover the rule, we compare each letter of "FRIED" with its coded counterpart in "EQHDC". If each letter moves by the same number of positions, this is a simple Caesar shift. Once the shift is known, we apply it to each letter in the new word "RUSTY". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Map each letter of FRIED to EQHDC. F → E, R → Q, I → H, E → D, D → C. Step 2: Convert letters to positions and check the difference. F (6) → E (5): shift −1. R (18) → Q (17): shift −1. I (9) → H (8): shift −1. E (5) → D (4): shift −1. D (4) → C (3): shift −1. The same shift of −1 is applied to every letter. Step 3: Apply the same shift to RUSTY. R (18) − 1 = 17 → Q. U (21) − 1 = 20 → T. S (19) − 1 = 18 → R. T (20) − 1 = 19 → S. Y (25) − 1 = 24 → X. Step 4: Put the letters together: Q T R S X. Verification / Alternative check: You can quickly re-encode "FRIED" using the −1 shift to confirm the rule. If any letter did not follow the same shift, you would need a different pattern, but here the shift is perfectly uniform. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Other options correspond to different shifts or inconsistent letter changes. For instance, any answer that does not have Q for R or X for Y clearly does not use the same −1 pattern. Common Pitfalls: One frequent mistake is to miscount letter positions or to shift in the wrong direction (for example, shifting +1 instead of −1). Writing the alphabet with numeric positions beside it helps avoid these errors. Final Answer: According to the same coding rule, "RUSTY" is written as QTRSX.

Question 6

If the symbol "A" denotes "added to", the symbol "C" denotes "divided by", the symbol "D" denotes "multiplied by" and the symbol "B" denotes "subtracted from", then what is the value of the expression 72 C 9 D 2 B 6 A 10?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This problem checks whether you can correctly interpret redefined arithmetic operators and still apply standard order of operations. Each symbol (A, B, C, D) stands for a different basic arithmetic operation. You must first translate the expression into normal arithmetic form and then evaluate it carefully. Given Data / Assumptions: "A" means "added to" → +. "C" means "divided by" → /. "D" means "multiplied by" → *. "B" means "subtracted from" → −. Expression: 72 C 9 D 2 B 6 A 10. Standard BODMAS or operator precedence (multiplication and division before addition and subtraction) still applies after translation. Concept / Approach: First, replace each symbolic operator with the real operation it represents. After translation, we get a normal arithmetic expression like "72 / 9 * 2 - 6 + 10". Then we follow normal precedence: evaluate division and multiplication from left to right, then handle addition and subtraction. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Translate each operator. C → /, D → *, B → −, A → +. So 72 C 9 D 2 B 6 A 10 becomes: 72 / 9 * 2 - 6 + 10. Step 2: Perform division and multiplication from left to right. 72 / 9 = 8. 8 * 2 = 16. Now the expression is 16 - 6 + 10. Step 3: Perform subtraction and addition from left to right. 16 - 6 = 10. 10 + 10 = 20. Verification / Alternative check: Re-check each symbol replacement carefully: A is addition, B is subtraction, C is division, D is multiplication. The only potential source of error is mixing up these definitions. Once corrected, the arithmetic itself is straightforward and leads to 20. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Answers like 25, 30, or 35 come from either treating the symbols as their usual meanings or from ignoring operator precedence and evaluating strictly left to right. Both approaches violate the conditions of the problem. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates forget that "subtracted from" means the second number minus the first in English. However, here the problem already gives the symbolic sequence, so you only need to replace B with minus. Another pitfall is to perform addition before finishing all multiplication and division operations. Final Answer: Under the redefined operations, the expression 72 C 9 D 2 B 6 A 10 evaluates to 20.

Question 7

In a certain code language, the word "TOAST" is written as "03210" and the word "RIGID" is written as "45759". Using the same letter–digit code, how is the word "DOOR" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a letter-to-digit substitution coding question. Every letter of the alphabet that appears is assigned a unique digit. By comparing the given words and their codes, we can reconstruct the mapping and then apply it to a new word. Given Data / Assumptions: "TOAST" → "03210". "RIGID" → "45759". We must find the code for "DOOR". The mapping of each letter to a digit is one-to-one and consistent across all words. Concept / Approach: We align letters with digits from each example to determine the letter–digit pairs. Once we know the digits for D, O and R, we can directly write the code for "DOOR" by substituting each letter with its corresponding digit, preserving order. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Use TOAST → 03210. T O A S T 0 3 2 1 0 So T → 0, O → 3, A → 2, S → 1. Step 2: Use RIGID → 45759. R I G I D 4 5 7 5 9 So R → 4, I → 5, G → 7, D → 9. Step 3: Gather the digits needed for DOOR. Word: D O O R. We already know: D → 9, O → 3, R → 4. Step 4: Substitute letter by letter. D → 9, O → 3, O → 3, R → 4. Thus DOOR → 9 3 3 4 → "9334". Verification / Alternative check: Check that the mapping is consistent: each letter always has the same digit wherever it appears. T, O, A, S, R, I, G, and D all have unique and stable codes across both example words, confirming that our mapping is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "9331" uses 1 (which belongs to S) instead of 4 (which belongs to R). "3390" uses 0 (code for T) incorrectly. "1314" uses 1, 3, 1, 4, which does not match the letter sequence D O O R under any consistent substitution mapping. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes candidates try to find arithmetic relationships between digits, but for substitution ciphers, only the direct letter–digit pairing matters. Another error is to confuse which digit belongs to which repeated letter when reading the examples quickly. Final Answer: Using the same letter–digit code, "DOOR" is written as 9334.

Question 8

In a certain code language, the word "REMINDER" is written as "SFNJMCDQ". Using the same letter-shift rule, how is the word "STANDARD" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question uses a position-based shifting pattern rather than a single uniform shift. The word "REMINDER" has eight letters, and its code "SFNJMCDQ" shows that the first half and second half are treated differently. You must identify this positional pattern and apply it to another eight-letter word, "STANDARD". Given Data / Assumptions: "REMINDER" → "SFNJMCDQ". We must find the code for "STANDARD". The English alphabet is A to Z with positions 1 to 26. The rule is consistent for all words of the same length. Concept / Approach: We compare each letter of "REMINDER" with its coded counterpart. Doing so reveals that the first four letters are shifted forward by one, while the last four letters are shifted backward by one. This alternating direction of shift between the two halves is the key to the code. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Break REMINDER into two halves. REMINDER → R E M I | N D E R. Code → S F N J | M C D Q. Step 2: Examine the first half (R, E, M, I → S, F, N, J). R (18) → S (19): +1. E (5) → F (6): +1. M (13) → N (14): +1. I (9) → J (10): +1. All first four letters are shifted forward by 1. Step 3: Examine the second half (N, D, E, R → M, C, D, Q). N (14) → M (13): −1. D (4) → C (3): −1. E (5) → D (4): −1. R (18) → Q (17): −1. The last four letters are shifted backward by 1. Step 4: Apply the same pattern to STANDARD. STANDARD → S T A N | D A R D. First half (shift +1): S (19) → T (20). T (20) → U (21). A (1) → B (2). N (14) → O (15). So first half becomes T U B O. Second half (shift −1): D (4) → C (3). A (1) → Z (26) when moving one step backward. R (18) → Q (17). D (4) → C (3). So second half becomes C Z Q C. Step 5: Combine both halves: TUBO + CZQC = "TUBOCZQC". Verification / Alternative check: Substitute this method back into "REMINDER" to ensure the pattern works perfectly for all eight letters. Since the shifts match for every letter there, it is safe to apply the same rule to "STANDARD". Why Other Options Are Wrong: Other choices either change the direction of shift for some letters or break the +1 / −1 split between the first and second halves. For example, an option that does not end with C cannot be correct because the last letter D must shift backward by 1. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes candidates assume a single shift (like +1) for the entire word and fail to notice that the later letters move in the opposite direction. Always check multiple letter pairs across the entire word to detect such half-and-half patterns. Final Answer: Under the same coding rule, "STANDARD" is written as TUBOCZQC.

Question 9

In these questions, relationships between elements are shown using comparison symbols. Based on the given statements, you must decide which conclusions logically follow.  Statement: A = M > P, N > R, A > T.  Conclusions:  I. T = P  II. R < A

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This problem is from the inequalities and logical deductions area of reasoning. Symbols such as "=", ">", and "<" indicate comparative relationships between elements. Your task is to determine which of the given conclusions must be true based solely on the information in the statement, without making extra assumptions. Given Data / Assumptions: A = M > P. N > R. A > T. Symbols have their usual meanings: "=" means equal to, ">" means greater than. Conclusions: I. T = P. II. R < A. Concept / Approach: We convert the combined statement into a clear chain of inequalities. Then we see what definite relationships are established and whether they justify each conclusion. A conclusion "must follow" only if it is true in every possible arrangement that satisfies the statement. If there is any possible case where it fails, that conclusion does not follow. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Simplify the given statement. From "A = M > P", we know A and M are equal, and they are both greater than P. So we can write A = M and A > P. We also have "A > T", so A is greater than T. We have "N > R", but there is no direct relation between N and A, or N and M in the statement. Step 2: Analyse Conclusion I: T = P. We know A > P and A > T, so both P and T are less than A. However, being less than A does not automatically mean they are equal to each other. It is possible that P < T or T < P or T = P. Because more than one arrangement is possible, T = P is not guaranteed. Therefore, Conclusion I does not necessarily follow. Step 3: Analyse Conclusion II: R < A. We know N > R, but we have no information about how N compares with A. R could be less than A, equal to A, or greater than A, depending on the unspecified relationship between N and A. So we cannot conclude R < A for sure. Therefore, Conclusion II also does not necessarily follow. Verification / Alternative check: Try constructing different numerical examples that satisfy the statement and see what happens to T and P, and R and A. For some valid assignments, T and P may be equal; for others, they are not. Similarly, R may or may not be less than A depending on the chosen values for N and A. This confirms that neither conclusion is guaranteed. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options A and B claim that one of the conclusions follows, which is incorrect. Option C says that either I or II follows, but in reality neither is logically forced. Only the option stating that neither conclusion follows matches our analysis. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to assume transitivity where no link exists, such as guessing that because N > R and A > P, A must also relate to R in a specific way. Without explicit links, such assumptions are invalid in inequality reasoning. Final Answer: Hence, neither conclusion I nor conclusion II necessarily follows, so the correct choice is option D as stated.

Question 10

In these questions, relationships between elements are represented using comparison symbols. Based on the given statement, decide which conclusions logically follow.  Statement: X = M < A < S = T < R.  Conclusions:  I. M = T  II. R > A

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is another inequalities and logical deduction question. You are given a chain of relationships involving several symbols: "=", "<". From that single chain, you must decide which of the proposed conclusions must always be true. Given Data / Assumptions: X = M < A < S = T < R. Symbols mean: "=" equal to, "<" less than, ">" greater than. Conclusions: I. M = T. II. R > A. Concept / Approach: Write the statement as a single ordered chain. From that chain, you can read off the relative positions of all elements. A conclusion follows only if it is consistent with every possible arrangement that satisfies the chain. If even one valid arrangement contradicts a conclusion, that conclusion does not follow. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Rewrite the statement as an ordered chain. X = M < A < S = T < R. This means X and M are equal, both less than A. A is less than S and T, and S equals T. T is less than R. So the order from smallest to largest is: X = M < A < S = T < R. Step 2: Check Conclusion I: M = T. From the chain, M is strictly less than A, and A is strictly less than T. Therefore M is strictly less than T. They cannot be equal. So Conclusion I does not follow and is in fact false. Step 3: Check Conclusion II: R > A. From the chain, A < S = T < R. If R is greater than T and T is greater than A, then R must also be greater than A. Thus R > A is always true. Therefore, Conclusion II follows. Verification / Alternative check: You can assign sample numerical values that respect the chain. For example: M = X = 1, A = 2, S = T = 3, R = 4. With these values, M ≠ T (1 ≠ 3), but R > A (4 > 2) holds. Any other consistent assignment will preserve the ordering and keep R strictly greater than A. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A claims only conclusion I follows, which is opposite to the truth. Option C says either I or II follows, which is not correct because only II follows. Option D claims neither follows, which contradicts our clear deduction that R > A is valid. Common Pitfalls: A typical mistake is to misread chains like X = M < A < S = T < R and to think that all elements close in the chain may be equal. Another error is to overlook the transitivity of inequalities: if A < T and T < R, then A < R must hold. Final Answer: Thus, only conclusion II (R > A) follows. The correct choice is option B as given.

Question 11

If D = 4 and the word "DESK" is coded as 39 in a certain scheme, then using the same letter-value rule, what is the coded value of the word "DRAW"?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This numerical coding question assigns a value to each letter based on its position in the English alphabet and then combines them to form a value for the entire word. You are given values for D and for the whole word "DESK" and must extend the same rule to "DRAW". Given Data / Assumptions: D = 4. DESK = 39. We must find the code for DRAW. Letters are likely valued by their alphabet positions (A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26). The value of a word is probably obtained by adding the values of its letters. Concept / Approach: First, confirm that DESK = 39 is indeed the sum of the alphabet positions of D, E, S, and K. If that works out exactly, then DRAW will also be the sum of positions of D, R, A and W. This is a common pattern in such questions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Compute the alphabet positions for the letters of DESK. D → 4, E → 5, S → 19, K → 11. Step 2: Add these values. 4 + 5 + 19 + 11 = 39. This matches the given value for DESK, confirming that the word value is the sum of letter positions. Step 3: Compute the positions for DRAW. D → 4, R → 18, A → 1, W → 23. Step 4: Add these values. 4 + 18 + 1 + 23 = 46. Verification / Alternative check: You were already told D = 4, which matches its alphabet position. Using any other operation (like multiplication or subtraction) would not give 39 for DESK, so summation is the only consistent rule here. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The other answer choices (36, 45, 57) do not equal the sum of the letter positions for DRAW. They might come from partial sums or from miscalculating one of the letter positions, but they are inconsistent with the DESK example. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse letter positions (for example, misplacing R or W) or forget that A is 1, not 0. Writing down the alphabet with numbers can help avoid such simple but costly errors. Final Answer: Using the same rule, the coded value of "DRAW" is 46.

Question 12

In a certain code language, each letter is replaced by the letter that comes two places later in the English alphabet (A → C, B → D, C → E and so on). Using this rule, how is the word "STUDENT" coded?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is a simple Caesar shift cipher. Each letter in the original word is replaced by the letter that is two positions ahead of it in the alphabet. You must apply this fixed shift to every letter of the word "STUDENT". Given Data / Assumptions: A → C, B → D, C → E, and so on. Every letter is shifted forward by exactly two positions. If a letter is close to the end of the alphabet, the counting wraps around after Z. We must code "STUDENT". Concept / Approach: Assign a position number to each letter (A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26). For each letter in "STUDENT", add 2 to its position. Convert the resulting positions back to letters. This is repeated independently for each letter, preserving the order of the original word. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Write the word and positions of each letter. S T U D E N T. S = 19, T = 20, U = 21, D = 4, E = 5, N = 14, T = 20. Step 2: Add 2 to each position. S: 19 + 2 = 21 → U. T: 20 + 2 = 22 → V. U: 21 + 2 = 23 → W. D: 4 + 2 = 6 → F. E: 5 + 2 = 7 → G. N: 14 + 2 = 16 → P. T: 20 + 2 = 22 → V. Step 3: Write the coded letters in order. STUDENT → U V W F G P V. So the code is "UVWFGPV". Verification / Alternative check: You can quickly verify the pattern using the examples A → C, B → D, C → E given in the problem statement. If you test some other random letters (like M → O or Z → B) with the same +2 logic, you will see that the rule holds consistently. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options that repeat letters incorrectly, such as "UVVFGPV" or "VWVFGPV", correspond to shifting only some letters by 2 or shifting by a different amount. Only "UVWFGPV" correctly applies the +2 shift to every letter of STUDENT. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mix up the direction of the shift or accidentally add 1 instead of 2. Others forget to wrap around after Z in similar problems. For this particular word, no wrap-around is needed, but getting comfortable with the alphabet positions is still important. Final Answer: With a shift of two positions forward, "STUDENT" is coded as UVWFGPV.

Question 13

In a certain code language, the word "BLACKSMITH" is coded as "CNBELUNKUJ". Using the same letter-wise shifting pattern, how will the word "CHILDREN" be coded in that language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a positional letter-shift coding question. The coding pattern for "BLACKSMITH" is not a simple uniform shift; instead, the amount of shift alternates from letter to letter. Identifying this alternating pattern is the key to finding the correct code for "CHILDREN". Given Data / Assumptions: "BLACKSMITH" → "CNBELUNKUJ". We must code "CHILDREN". Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. The shift appears to depend on the position of the letter within the word (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Concept / Approach: We compare each letter of "BLACKSMITH" with the corresponding letter of "CNBELUNKUJ". This reveals that the letters at odd positions are shifted by +1, and those at even positions are shifted by +2. After confirming this pattern across the entire word, we apply it position by position to "CHILDREN". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Check the pattern in BLACKSMITH → CNBELUNKUJ. B(2) → C(3): +1 (1st letter). L(12) → N(14): +2 (2nd letter). A(1) → B(2): +1 (3rd letter). C(3) → E(5): +2 (4th letter). K(11) → L(12): +1 (5th letter). S(19) → U(21): +2 (6th letter). M(13) → N(14): +1 (7th letter). I(9) → K(11): +2 (8th letter). T(20) → U(21): +1 (9th letter). H(8) → J(10): +2 (10th letter). Thus, odd positions: +1, even positions: +2. Step 2: Apply the same pattern to CHILDREN. Word: C H I L D R E N. Positions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. C(3) at position 1 (odd): 3 + 1 = 4 → D. H(8) at position 2 (even): 8 + 2 = 10 → J. I(9) at position 3 (odd): 9 + 1 = 10 → J. L(12) at position 4 (even): 12 + 2 = 14 → N. D(4) at position 5 (odd): 4 + 1 = 5 → E. R(18) at position 6 (even): 18 + 2 = 20 → T. E(5) at position 7 (odd): 5 + 1 = 6 → F. N(14) at position 8 (even): 14 + 2 = 16 → P. Step 3: Combine the coded letters. CHILDREN → D J J N E T F P → "DJJNETFP". Verification / Alternative check: We have applied the same odd-even pattern that works perfectly for BLACKSMITH. There are no inconsistencies, so this is a strong confirmation that the rule has been correctly identified. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Other options alter one or more letters in positions where the fixed +1 or +2 pattern would demand a specific result. For example, if any option does not start with D or does not have J at positions 2 and 3, it cannot match the discovered rule. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to assume a single uniform shift for all letters, which does not fit the BLACKSMITH example. Another pitfall is to miscount positions, especially when alternating patterns are used. Final Answer: Using the same alternating shift pattern, "CHILDREN" is coded as DJJNETFP.

Question 14

In a certain code language, the word "SYSTEM" is written as "RXRSDL". Using the same uniform letter-shift pattern, how can the word "CORRECT" be written in that code?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a standard Caesar cipher type problem where each letter in the original word is shifted by the same fixed number of places in the alphabet. We are told that "SYSTEM" becomes "RXRSDL", and we must apply the same shift to "CORRECT". Given Data / Assumptions: "SYSTEM" → "RXRSDL". We must code "CORRECT". The shift is constant for all letters. Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. Concept / Approach: We compare each pair of corresponding letters from SYSTEM and RXRSDL to find the amount and direction of the shift. Once we confirm that the same shift is applied to every letter, we can apply this shift to "CORRECT" letter by letter. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Compute the shift for SYSTEM → RXRSDL. S (19) → R (18): −1. Y (25) → X (24): −1. S (19) → R (18): −1. T (20) → S (19): −1. E (5) → D (4): −1. M (13) → L (12): −1. Every letter is shifted one position backward in the alphabet. Step 2: Apply the same shift to CORRECT. C (3) → B (2). O (15) → N (14). R (18) → Q (17). R (18) → Q (17). E (5) → D (4). C (3) → B (2). T (20) → S (19). Step 3: Combine the coded letters in order. CORRECT → B N Q Q D B S → "BNQQDBS". Verification / Alternative check: Reapply the −1 shift to SYSTEM to ensure we reconstruct RXRSDL. Doing this confirms that the pattern is consistent and that we have correctly identified the cipher. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The other options differ in one or more positions from the required sequence BNQQDBS. For example, any option that changes the positions of Q or D breaks the constant −1 shift rule and therefore cannot be correct. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to shift forward instead of backward, giving codes like DTSS... instead of RXRS... Another is to miscalculate letter positions for letters near the start or end of the alphabet. Final Answer: Using the same backward shift of one letter, "CORRECT" is written as BNQQDBS in that code.

Question 15

In a certain code language, the word "BIOLOGY" is written as "YRLOLTB" using a mirror-alphabet substitution (Atbash-type) code. Using the same rule, how is the word "PHYSICS" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This coding–decoding question uses a mirror-alphabet (Atbash) style cipher where each letter is replaced by its symmetric partner in the alphabet. The mapping is such that the positions of a letter and its code partner add up to 27 (A ↔ Z, B ↔ Y, C ↔ X, and so on). "BIOLOGY" is coded as "YRLOLTB" and we must extend this rule to "PHYSICS". Given Data / Assumptions: "BIOLOGY" → "YRLOLTB". We must find the code for "PHYSICS". Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. For each pair (original letter, code letter), their positions sum to 27. Concept / Approach: First, verify that the letter pairs in BIOLOGY and YRLOLTB follow the Atbash rule. Once confirmed, we apply this mirror mapping to each letter of "PHYSICS". For any letter with position n, the coded letter has position 27 − n. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Confirm the Atbash mapping with BIOLOGY. B (2) → Y (25); 2 + 25 = 27. I (9) → R (18); 9 + 18 = 27. O (15) → L (12); 15 + 12 = 27. L (12) → O (15); 12 + 15 = 27. O (15) → L (12); 15 + 12 = 27. G (7) → T (20); 7 + 20 = 27. Y (25) → B (2); 25 + 2 = 27. Every pair satisfies the Atbash condition. Step 2: Apply the same rule to PHYSICS. P (16): 27 − 16 = 11 → K. H (8): 27 − 8 = 19 → S. Y (25): 27 − 25 = 2 → B. S (19): 27 − 19 = 8 → H. I (9): 27 − 9 = 18 → R. C (3): 27 − 3 = 24 → X. S (19): 27 − 19 = 8 → H again. Step 3: Combine the coded letters. PHYSICS → K S B H R X H → "KSBHRXH". Verification / Alternative check: Atbash is symmetric: if you reapply the mapping to "KSBHRXH", you should get back "PHYSICS". Checking a couple of letters is enough to see that this is indeed the case, which confirms that the coding rule has been applied correctly. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Other options alter the position of letters or use letters that would correspond to non-Atbash shifts for some positions. For example, any option that does not end with H contradicts the fact that S must map to H under the mirror rule. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to use a fixed shift (like +2) and ignore the symmetrical nature of the mapping. Another pitfall is miscounting letter positions, especially in the middle of the alphabet. Final Answer: Using the same Atbash-style mirror coding, "PHYSICS" is written as KSBHRXH.

Question 16

In a certain code language, the word "RAIN" is written as "OHBQ". Using the same position-based shifting pattern, how is the word "SUMMER" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Here we have a non-uniform positional coding pattern. The word "RAIN" is transformed into "OHBQ", and the shifts for each letter are not the same. Instead, the amount and direction of shift vary with the position of the letter inside the word. We must detect this pattern and then apply it to the six-letter word "SUMMER". Given Data / Assumptions: "RAIN" → "OHBQ". We must code "SUMMER". Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. The shift pattern depends on the letter position (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.). Concept / Approach: We examine the mapping for each position in RAIN. The goal is to express the movement as a sequence of numeric shifts that can repeat or extend. Observing the first, second, third, and fourth letters reveals a symmetric pattern: −3, +7, −7, +3. We then apply this repeating pattern to the letters of SUMMER. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Determine the shifts from RAIN → OHBQ. R(18) → O(15): −3. A(1) → H(8): +7. I(9) → B(2): −7 (since 9 − 7 = 2). N(14) → Q(17): +3. Thus the pattern of shifts by position is: position 1: −3, position 2: +7, position 3: −7, position 4: +3. Step 2: Assume this 4-step pattern repeats for longer words. For a six-letter word, the shifts are: Position 1: −3. Position 2: +7. Position 3: −7. Position 4: +3. Position 5: −3 (pattern restarts). Position 6: +7. Step 3: Apply these shifts to SUMMER. Word: S U M M E R. Positions: 1 2 3 4 5 6. S(19) at position 1: 19 − 3 = 16 → P. U(21) at position 2: 21 + 7 = 28 → 28 − 26 = 2 → B. M(13) at position 3: 13 − 7 = 6 → F. M(13) at position 4: 13 + 3 = 16 → P. E(5) at position 5: 5 − 3 = 2 → B. R(18) at position 6: 18 + 7 = 25 → Y. Step 4: Combine the coded letters. SUMMER → P B F P B Y → "PBFPBY". Verification / Alternative check: Re-apply the same pattern to RAIN to verify that −3, +7, −7, +3 takes RAIN back to OHBQ. This confirmation gives confidence that the pattern is consistent and intended. Then check that no arithmetic mistakes have been made when wrapping around after Z. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Other codes either do not follow the exact −3, +7, −7, +3, −3, +7 pattern or use incorrect wrap-around arithmetic. For example, if the second letter code is not B, it would contradict the +7 shift applied to U. Common Pitfalls: Students often assume a simple uniform shift and fail to notice the alternating pattern. Another frequent issue is mishandling wrap-around beyond Z, which must be corrected by subtracting 26 to stay within A–Z. Final Answer: Using the same position-based shifting pattern, "SUMMER" is written as PBFPBY in that code language.

Question 17

In a certain code language, the word "MATCH" is written as "NYWYM" and the word "BOARD" is written as "CMDNI". Using the same position-wise shifting pattern, how is the word "PRINT" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This coding question uses a pattern where the shift applied to each letter depends on its position in the word. The examples "MATCH" → "NYWYM" and "BOARD" → "CMDNI" reveal an alternating sequence of positive and negative shifts whose magnitudes increase. We must identify this sequence and apply it to the word "PRINT". Given Data / Assumptions: "MATCH" → "NYWYM". "BOARD" → "CMDNI". We must code "PRINT". Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. Concept / Approach: By comparing each letter in the original words with its coded counterpart, we determine the numeric shift at each position. For both given words, the pattern is +1, −2, +3, −4, +5 for positions 1 through 5. We then apply this same sequence of shifts to the letters of "PRINT". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Confirm the pattern using MATCH → NYWYM. M(13) → N(14): +1. A(1) → Y(25): −2 (wrap: 1 − 2 = −1; −1 + 26 = 25). T(20) → W(23): +3. C(3) → Y(25): −4 (3 − 4 = −1; −1 + 26 = 25). H(8) → M(13): +5. So the pattern of shifts is: +1, −2, +3, −4, +5. Step 2: Check the same pattern with BOARD → CMDNI. B(2) → C(3): +1. O(15) → M(13): −2. A(1) → D(4): +3. R(18) → N(14): −4. D(4) → I(9): +5. The pattern is confirmed. Step 3: Apply this pattern to PRINT. Word: P R I N T. Positions: 1 2 3 4 5. Position 1 (+1): P(16) + 1 = 17 → Q. Position 2 (−2): R(18) − 2 = 16 → P. Position 3 (+3): I(9) + 3 = 12 → L. Position 4 (−4): N(14) − 4 = 10 → J. Position 5 (+5): T(20) + 5 = 25 → Y. Step 4: Combine coded letters. PRINT → Q P L J Y → "QPLJY". Verification / Alternative check: You can reapply the +1, −2, +3, −4, +5 pattern to MATCH and BOARD to confirm you get NYWYM and CMDNI respectively. This double-check ensures you have not miscalculated any of the shifts and that the pattern is truly consistent. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Other choices rearrange letters or correspond to different shift values. For instance, codes ending with a letter other than Y contradict the requirement that T must be shifted by +5 to give Y. Common Pitfalls: It is easy to forget the negative shifts or to fail to handle wrap-around correctly when subtracting. Some candidates mistakenly apply the same shift to all positions instead of an alternating sequence. Always verify the full pattern on all example letters. Final Answer: Using the same alternating shift pattern, "PRINT" is coded as QPLJY.

Question 18

In a certain code language, the pair of words "PEN-TAN" is assigned the code 0. Using the same coding rule, how is the pair "DEN-COB" coded in that language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a word-pair coding puzzle. A pair of three-letter words is combined through some numeric rule to yield a single-digit code. You are given that "PEN-TAN" codes to 0 and must infer the same rule to find the code for "DEN-COB". The pattern typically involves alphabet positions of letters and simple arithmetic. Given Data / Assumptions: "PEN-TAN" → 0. We must code "DEN-COB". Words are three letters each. Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. The coding likely treats each word separately in a symmetric way (for example, comparing sums of letter values). Concept / Approach: Since the result for PEN and TAN is 0, a natural idea is that the total value of "PEN" equals the total value of "TAN", and the code is the difference between these sums. Once this is confirmed, we apply the same sum-and-difference idea to "DEN" and "COB". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Compute the sum of letter positions for PEN. P → 16, E → 5, N → 14. Sum for PEN = 16 + 5 + 14 = 35. Step 2: Compute the sum of letter positions for TAN. T → 20, A → 1, N → 14. Sum for TAN = 20 + 1 + 14 = 35. Step 3: Find the difference between sums for PEN and TAN. Difference = 35 − 35 = 0, which matches the given code. So the rule is: code = absolute difference between the sums of alphabet positions of the two words. Step 4: Apply the rule to DEN-COB. DEN: D → 4, E → 5, N → 14. Sum for DEN = 4 + 5 + 14 = 23. COB: C → 3, O → 15, B → 2. Sum for COB = 3 + 15 + 2 = 20. Step 5: Compute the difference. Difference = 23 − 20 = 3. Therefore, the code for DEN-COB is 3. Verification / Alternative check: If a different operation were used (for example, adding sums or multiplying them), it would not produce 0 for PEN-TAN because 35 and 35 are both positive. Only the difference can give 0 from equal sums. This strongly supports our interpretation of the rule. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Codes 7, 8, or 9 do not equal the difference between the sums 23 and 20. They would require a completely different rule that could not generate 0 from PEN-TAN while still fitting DEN-COB in a consistent way. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes test-takers focus on the number of vowels or consonants, but that does not explain why PEN-TAN results in 0. Another mistake is to compare only the first or last letters, ignoring the total contribution of all three letters in each word. Final Answer: According to this letter-sum difference rule, "DEN-COB" is coded as 3.

Question 19

If the symbol minus denotes multiplication, the symbol x denotes addition, the symbol plus denotes division and the symbol division sign denotes subtraction, then what is the value of the coded expression 40 x 12 + 3 - 6 ÷ 60 ?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a coded arithmetic question where familiar operators are replaced by different symbols. The goal is to decode the expression correctly and then evaluate it using standard arithmetic precedence. Such questions are common in verbal reasoning because they test both symbol interpretation and careful calculation rather than direct application of formulas. Given Data / Assumptions: The symbol minus stands for multiplication. The symbol x stands for addition. The symbol plus stands for division. The division sign stands for subtraction. The coded expression is 40 x 12 + 3 - 6 ÷ 60. We must decode this to a normal arithmetic expression and then evaluate using normal precedence rules. Concept / Approach: The method is to map every coded symbol to its real arithmetic meaning, then rewrite the expression using the usual plus, minus, multiplication and division signs. After decoding, we must apply correct precedence: multiplication and division first, followed by addition and subtraction, working from left to right at each level. This avoids common errors where operations are done strictly from left to right without respecting priority. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Replace x by addition. So 40 x 12 becomes 40 + 12 in actual arithmetic. Step 2: Replace plus by division. So the symbol between 12 and 3 represents division, which gives 12 ÷ 3. Step 3: Replace minus by multiplication. Between 3 and 6 the symbol minus represents a multiplication, but in the coded expression it already appears as a minus sign between 3 and 6, so we interpret it as the coded multiplication sign, which becomes × in real arithmetic. Step 4: Replace the division sign by subtraction. Thus ÷ 60 becomes − 60 in real arithmetic. Step 5: The fully decoded expression is 40 + 12 ÷ 3 × 6 − 60. Step 6: Apply precedence. First compute 12 ÷ 3 = 4. Step 7: Then multiply 4 × 6 = 24. Step 8: Now the expression becomes 40 + 24 − 60. Step 9: Perform addition and subtraction from left to right: 40 + 24 = 64, and 64 − 60 = 4. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by recomputing the operations quickly. After decoding, the only nontrivial part is 12 ÷ 3 × 6. Using precedence gives 4 × 6 = 24. Substituting back, 40 + 24 − 60 yields 4 again, so the result is stable and there is no arithmetic slip. Any other answer would require either decoding a symbol incorrectly or ignoring operator precedence. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Values 7, 16 and 44 typically arise from errors such as performing addition before division and multiplication or misreading which symbol stands for which operation. For example, if multiplication is done incorrectly or the final subtraction is mishandled, the result moves away from 4. Since 4 is the only value that matches the correctly decoded and evaluated expression, the other options are all distractors. Common Pitfalls: Learners often rush and treat x as multiplication out of habit instead of reading the new meaning carefully. Another frequent mistake is to convert symbols correctly but then compute from left to right without doing division and multiplication first. Writing the decoded expression fully and then solving step by step is the safest way to avoid such errors in exam conditions. Final Answer: Once the coded symbols are translated and the correct arithmetic precedence is applied, the expression evaluates to 4.

Question 20

In a certain coded language, "hit ka tom" is written as "tie the shoes", "ka lo fod" is written as "shoes of leather" and "lo tin lot" is written as "leather and raxin". Based on this information, how is the word "of" written in that code language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests understanding of coded language, where entire words are replaced by code words. The aim is to deduce which code corresponds to which English word by comparing overlapping sentences. This type of problem is very common in verbal reasoning and logical deduction sections of competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The phrase "hit ka tom" means "tie the shoes". The phrase "ka lo fod" means "shoes of leather". The phrase "lo tin lot" means "leather and raxin". Each English word corresponds to exactly one code word, and that mapping is consistent in all sentences. We are asked to find the code for the word "of". Concept / Approach: The key idea is to compare coded sentences that share common English words and identify which code words also repeat. Each shared English word must correspond to a shared code word. Once shared words are identified, the remaining unmatched code word in a sentence can be linked to the remaining unmatched English word. This method of intersecting sets is standard in coded language questions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Compare "hit ka tom" with "tie the shoes". The three English words here are tie, the and shoes. The code words are hit, ka and tom. Step 2: Compare this with the second pair "ka lo fod" which means "shoes of leather". The English words now are shoes, of and leather, and the code words are ka, lo and fod. Step 3: The common English word between the first and second sentences is "shoes". Step 4: The common code word between "hit ka tom" and "ka lo fod" is "ka". Therefore, "shoes" is encoded as "ka". Step 5: Now compare the second and third sentences. "ka lo fod" means "shoes of leather" and "lo tin lot" means "leather and raxin". Step 6: The common English word in these two sentences is "leather". Step 7: The common code word between "ka lo fod" and "lo tin lot" is "lo". Therefore, "leather" is encoded as "lo". Step 8: In the second sentence, we now know "ka" is shoes and "lo" is leather. The remaining English word is "of" and the remaining code word is "fod". Hence "of" is encoded as "fod". Verification / Alternative check: We can verify consistency by checking that no other word could reasonably map to "fod". In the second sentence, once shoes and leather have known codes, only the word "of" remains without a code. The only unused code word there is "fod". The third sentence does not contain "of" but is consistent with "lo" mapping to leather. Thus the mapping "of" to "fod" is fully justified by the given data. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The code "ka" already represents "shoes", so it cannot also represent "of". The combination "lo or fod" is not acceptable because each English word has a unique code in this language. The code word "tin" appears only in the third sentence, which does not contain "of", so there is no basis for linking "tin" with "of". Therefore only "fod" is correct. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to guess based on frequency rather than systematically intersecting the sentences. Another error is to assume one code can represent two different English words, which is not supported here. Carefully matching shared words across sentences and eliminating already assigned codes helps avoid these mistakes. Final Answer: The word "of" is written as fod in the given code language.

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