Systems theory — input types: In general systems terminology, organizational inputs are commonly classified into which two broad categories?

Introduction / Context:
Systems theory provides a vocabulary to analyze organizations as open systems exchanging resources and information with their environments. Inputs are what the system receives and uses to produce outputs. A classic classification distinguishes between inputs that sustain the system itself and inputs that carry directives or information.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are using general systems theory terminology, not just IT-specific jargon.
• One input type sustains structure and operation; another conveys purpose and instructions.
• The question asks for the standard two-category label.

Concept / Approach:
Maintenance inputs keep the system viable (resources such as funds, personnel, facilities, energy). Signal inputs convey information, goals, or control directives that guide system behavior (e.g., orders, schedules, sensor data, policies). This distinction clarifies how resources sustain capability while signals direct their application toward desired outcomes.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Systems analysis texts use maintenance vs. signal inputs to explain resource provisioning versus control/information flows in enterprises and engineered systems.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Other pairs mix outputs with inputs (products, waste) or combine categories improperly; they are not the canonical classification.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing outputs (products, waste) with inputs; overlooking the role of information as an input to control processes.

Final Answer:
maintenance and signal