Database systems — key advantages: Which of the following benefits are typical of a well-designed database system used across multiple applications in an organization?

Introduction / Context:
Database Management Systems (DBMS) replaced siloed file systems to reduce redundancy, improve integrity, and support sharing. Centralizing data with sound schema design and controls enables consistent reporting, easier maintenance, and stronger security compared to disparate application-specific files.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Multiple applications need common data (e.g., customers, products, inventory).
• The database is designed with normalization and constraints to minimize redundancy.
• Appropriate access mechanisms (views, permissions, APIs) are in place.

Concept / Approach:
Centralized databases reduce duplication by storing a single authoritative record for each entity and referencing it across applications. Shared access eliminates inconsistent copies while improving accessibility via standardized queries and services. Proper indexing and security policies ensure that data remains both performant and protected, driving organizational consistency and trust in information products.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Normalization theory and enterprise architecture patterns demonstrate that shared databases reduce update anomalies and storage waste while enabling consistent analytics and operations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual item is correct but incomplete by itself; the most accurate answer is the inclusive one covering all benefits.

Common Pitfalls:
Creating shadow copies in spreadsheets; lack of governance causing divergence from the central record; insufficient indexing leading to performance issues that tempt duplication.

Final Answer:
All of the above