Decision-making – Urban traffic safety Statement: There is a substantial increase in accidents causing deaths and severe injuries due to malfunctioning traffic signals. Courses of Action: I. The traffic police should immediately post traffic personnel at the junctions. II. The signal system should be repaired or replaced immediately.

Introduction / Context:
The scenario indicates a direct hazard from malfunctioning signals, leading to fatal and serious accidents. Immediate and long-term remedies are required.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Traffic signals are malfunctioning.
• Accidents and injuries are rising because of this failure.
• Authorities have access to police personnel and technical maintenance teams.

Concept / Approach:
In risk control, implement interim controls immediately and permanent fixes as soon as practicable. Posting personnel provides immediate mitigation; repairing/replacing signals provides systemic resolution.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Best practice in safety engineering: temporary administrative controls (manual direction) + engineering controls (repair/replace) together minimize risk.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Only I / Only II / Either: Partial responses fail to combine immediate protection with long-term repair.
• Neither: Ignores the documented hazard.

Common Pitfalls:
Relying on only one measure; delaying permanent fixes; underestimating manual control value during outages.

Final Answer:
Both I and II follow