Arguments evaluation (establishing new universities in India): Should new universities be opened? Consider the objections—(I) No: India has not yet achieved its literacy targets; (II) No: new universities will create unemployed but highly qualified people—assessing domain relevance, causality, and evidence.

Given data

• Policy: Establish new universities (higher education).
• Argument I: Opposes due to unmet literacy targets (primary/basic education)—a different policy domain.
• Argument II: Predicts unemployment among qualified graduates—speculative and ignores skill–demand alignment.

Concept / ApproachA strong argument must be directly relevant and supported. Mixing up primary education goals with higher education expansion, or asserting outcomes without evidence, is weak.

Step-by-step evaluationStep 1: I is domain-mismatched; literacy drives and university expansion are complementary, not mutually exclusive—weak.Step 2: II is an unproven generalisation; employability depends on curriculum, research, industry linkages—weak.

Verification / AlternativeBalanced education policy can pursue both foundational literacy and advanced capacity without contradiction.

Common pitfalls

• Using unrelated targets to block sectoral development.
• Assuming linear causation from “more graduates” to “more unemployment.”

Final AnswerNeither I nor II is strong.