Smart solid-state sensor: which option best defines a “smart sensor” in modern instrumentation and automation?

Introduction / Context:
Smart sensors combine the sensing element with on-chip signal conditioning, calibration memory, diagnostics, and communications. They reduce wiring complexity, improve accuracy, and make it easier to integrate measurements into control systems and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

Given Data / Assumptions:

• “Smart” implies integrated electronics beyond a raw transducer.
• Logic may include ADCs, microcontrollers/DSP blocks, linearization, filtering, and bus interfaces.
• Physical substrate count does not define smart capability.

Concept / Approach:
By embedding intelligence at the sensor head, manufacturers ship calibrated output (e.g., I2C, SPI, IO-Link) that is less susceptible to noise and easier to deploy. Diagnostics, self-test, and identification data further reduce commissioning time and lifecycle costs. This integration distinguishes smart sensors from traditional analog-only transducers.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Interpret “smart” as integration of sensing + logic/processing + interface.Reject definitions based on substrates (mechanical detail) or availability.Select the option that states sensing and logic are integrated into one unit.

Verification / Alternative check:
Common devices (temperature, pressure, inertial sensors) include embedded calibration and digital outputs, exemplifying smart integration.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
B focuses on construction detail, not functionality. C is false; smart sensors are widely available. D cannot hold because A is correct while B and C are not.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing “smart” with “wireless only”; smart refers to integrated processing regardless of wired/wireless interface.

Final Answer:
One that integrates both logic and a solid-state sensor into one unit.