Operating systems in computing: which statements correctly describe their role in application development and reuse?

Introduction / Context:
An operating system (OS) abstracts hardware and provides services—process scheduling, memory management, file systems, I/O stacks, and networking—that make application development faster and more portable. While many embedded systems can run “bare metal” without a traditional OS, for general-purpose computing the OS is foundational.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We assess whether an OS is strictly required versus beneficial.
• We evaluate the OS’s role in providing structure and reusable components.
• Standard modules (libraries, drivers, APIs) accelerate development and improve reliability.

Concept / Approach:
Operating systems expose consistent interfaces (APIs) and frameworks so developers can build on well-tested services instead of rewriting low-level code. This “structure” includes process models, threads, IPC, files, sockets, GUIs, and package ecosystems. Standard modules—drivers, libraries, middleware—reduce time to market and improve maintainability.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Option A is too strong; microcontrollers may run without an OS.Option B is true: OS services structure application development.Option C is true: standard modules/libraries are reusable across apps.Therefore, select “Both (b) and (c).”

Verification / Alternative check:
Common platforms (Windows, Linux, Android) illustrate extensive APIs and reusable libraries that underpin most applications.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
A ignores bare-metal firmware. E is wrong because valid statements exist.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming an OS is mandatory for every microprocessor; many embedded designs use RTOS or no OS depending on constraints.

Final Answer:
Both (b) and (c).