Industrial robotics terminology: what does the term “end-effector” refer to in a robot system? Choose the most complete description.

Introduction / Context:
In robotics, understanding the vocabulary for components at the robot's wrist is essential for planning applications, selecting accessories, and estimating cycle time. The term “end-effector” encompasses the business-end hardware that interacts with the workpiece or environment—tools, grippers, sensors, and specialized devices.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A robot typically has a multi-axis arm and a mounting flange at the wrist.
• End-effectors are attached to that flange and can be changed to suit tasks.
• Functions include grasping, welding, dispensing, cutting, measurement, and more.

Concept / Approach:
An end-effector is often described as the robot’s “hand.” In practice, it may be a tool (e.g., spot-weld gun, TIG torch, suction gripper, screwdriver) or a gripper with fingers or suction cups. Many end-effectors incorporate sensors (force/torque, vision, proximity) and compliance devices to improve robustness and part tolerance.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Map each statement to common end-effector capabilities.Recognize that tools and grippers are both valid end-effectors.Confirm that gripping actions are common but not exclusive (tools may not grip).Therefore, the most complete description is “All of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor catalogs classify end-effectors into grippers, welding tools, adhesive dispensers, screwdriving spindles, polishing heads, and sensors—validating the broad scope captured by “All of the above.”

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each single item is true but incomplete; only the combined option captures the full concept. “None” is wrong because the statements describe standard practice.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming end-effectors must always grasp; many are process tools that perform operations without gripping.

Final Answer:
All of the above