Viral genetics: How does recombination of virus genomes most commonly occur?

Introduction / Context:
Viruses evolve rapidly through mutation and recombination. Recombination requires co-presence of related genomes in the same host cell, enabling template switching or segment reassortment, depending on the virus type.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Homologous regions enable crossover or template switching between viral genomes.
• Many DNA and RNA viruses recombine when coinfecting a cell.
• Segmented RNA viruses (e.g., influenza) reassort segments; nonsegmented often recombine via polymerase switching.

Concept / Approach:

When two related viruses infect the same cell, replication machinery can exchange genetic material between their genomes. The result is a recombinant or reassortant progeny with novel combinations of genes, potentially altering host range, virulence, or antigenicity.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Classic experiments with bacteriophages and observations in clinical virology (e.g., poliovirus, coronaviruses) document recombination during coinfection.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Transduction/transformation: bacterial processes, not viral–viral recombination mechanisms.

Transcription: necessary for gene expression but not recombination.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing viral recombination with reassortment; both need coinfection, but reassortment applies to segmented genomes specifically.

Final Answer:

During simultaneous infection of a host cell by two viruses with homologous genomes