Arrange industrial steps from raw material to final usable parts: Items: a. Metal b. Alloy c. Ore d. Purification e. Spare parts Choose the correct process flow.

Introduction / Context:
Manufacturing and materials questions often involve sequencing the transformation from raw ore to finished components.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• c = Ore (raw input).
• d = Purification (beneficiation/refining process).
• a = Metal (refined product).
• b = Alloy (engineered mixture of metals).
• e = Spare parts (finished items).

Concept / Approach:
Follow standard materials processing: extract → purify → obtain base metal → create alloys → fabricate parts.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Directly going ore→metal without purification omits a fundamental step; placing parts before alloys breaks chronology.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• c,a,b,d,e: Puts purification late—process mismatch.
• c,a,b,e,d and others: Finish parts before purifying—illogical.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing “purification” as quality control after fabrication; it precedes metal extraction.

Final Answer:
c, d, a, b, e