Components of break-even analysis: Which elements are included in a standard cost–volume–profit study?

Introduction / Context:
Break-even (CVP) analysis quantifies how profits respond to changes in volume by modeling revenue and costs. Understanding the inputs ensures accurate computation of BEP and margin of safety.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Fixed expenses do not vary with volume within the relevant range.
• Variable cost changes directly with units produced/sold.
• Sales revenue is price per unit times quantity.

Concept / Approach:
Profit = Sales revenue - Total cost, and Total cost = Fixed expenses + Variable cost. CVP analysis requires all three components to derive BEP, contribution margin, and profit targets.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Graphical CVP shows fixed cost, total cost, and revenue lines; the intersection defines BEP, confirming the role of all three.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Picking any single element ignores the integrated nature of CVP; you need all components to compute BEP.

Common Pitfalls:
Forgetting to separate semi-variable costs into fixed and variable parts; using list price instead of realized net price.

Final Answer:
All of these