Match the following in basic semiconductor physics and materials: (A) p-type semiconductor, (B) n-type semiconductor, (C) Intrinsic semiconductor, (D) Tungsten — with: (1) silicon, (2) holes are majority carriers, (3) electrons are majority carriers, (4) is a metal.

Introduction / Context:
Semiconductor device fundamentals require recognizing material types and charge carriers. This matching problem connects common semiconductor categories and an example material to their defining properties. Understanding majority carriers and intrinsic vs extrinsic behavior is essential in electronics and solid-state physics.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A: p-type semiconductor
• B: n-type semiconductor
• C: Intrinsic semiconductor
• D: Tungsten
• List II options: (1) silicon, (2) holes are majority carriers, (3) electrons are majority carriers, (4) is a metal

Concept / Approach:
Intrinsic semiconductors are undoped (pure) materials whose electron and hole concentrations are equal. Extrinsic (doped) semiconductors are either p-type (acceptor-doped, holes dominate) or n-type (donor-doped, electrons dominate). Tungsten is a refractory metal used for filaments and contacts, not as a semiconductor.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Check internal consistency: p-type corresponds to acceptor doping (e.g., boron in silicon) → holes dominate. n-type corresponds to donor doping (e.g., phosphorus/arsenic) → electrons dominate. Intrinsic silicon is the canonical teaching example. Tungsten's conduction band is partially filled → metallic behavior.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4: Swaps intrinsic with a material label and mis-assigns majority carriers.
• A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1: Calls p-type a metal and assigns silicon to tungsten.
• A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4: Reverses the majority carriers for p-/n-type and mislabels intrinsic.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing intrinsic (pure) with n-type or p-type (doped).
• Assuming any elemental solid like tungsten can be a semiconductor—it is a metal.

Final Answer:
A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4