Match the logic families in List I with their characteristic properties in List II: A) TTL, B) ECL, C) NMOS, D) CMOS ↔ (1) Maximum power consumption, (2) Highest packing density, (3) Least power consumption, (4) Saturated logic. Choose the correct mapping.

Introduction:
Different digital logic families exhibit distinct electrical and structural characteristics that affect speed, power, and integration density. This matching question evaluates recognition of hallmark properties of TTL, ECL, NMOS, and CMOS technologies.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• List I: TTL, ECL, NMOS, CMOS.
• List II characteristics: maximum power consumption, highest packing density (historical context), least power consumption, saturated logic.

Concept / Approach:

TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) employs saturated switching, hence 'saturated logic.' ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) avoids saturation, enabling very high speed at the cost of large static currents – it thus has 'maximum power consumption.' NMOS historically achieved higher packing density than bipolar families like TTL and ECL for the same era. CMOS (Complementary MOS) uses complementary transistors with near-zero static power (except leakage), giving it the 'least power consumption.'

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Standard digital electronics texts list TTL as saturated, ECL as fastest/high-power, CMOS as low-power, and NMOS as a dense MOS technology relative to bipolar families of its era.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Any mapping that assigns TTL to non-saturated or ECL to low power contradicts canonical properties; swapping NMOS/CMOS roles mixes density and power traits.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming modern CMOS always out-densifies NMOS in every historical comparison (this item frames density relative to TTL/ECL era); confusing speed with power consumption.

Final Answer:

A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3