Rail flaw detection on Indian Railways: Which detector is widely used for ultrasonic rail flaw detection?

Introduction / Context:
Rail flaw detection is essential for safety. Ultrasonic testing identifies internal defects like transverse cracks and inclusions long before surface failure.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Question targets brand/model familiarity used historically by Indian Railways.
• Focus on common ultrasonic portable testers used for in-service inspection.

Concept / Approach:
Among the listed options, Kraut Kramer (often written Krautkramer) ultrasonic equipment is well known and widely referenced in Indian Railways question banks and practice for rail flaw detection.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the brand commonly associated with ultrasonic rail testing in India.Kraut Kramer equipment has longstanding use and recognition.Select Kraut Kramer rail flaw detector.

Verification / Alternative check:
Training manuals and past exam keys typically cite Kraut Kramer for ultrasonic rail testing.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Mitsubishi / Soni / Audi-gauge: not the commonly cited standard instrument name in IR context.
• None: invalid because a correct option exists.

Common Pitfalls:
Spelling variations (Krautkramer vs Kraut Kramer); confusing with other NDT brands.

Final Answer:
Kraut Kramer rail flaw detector