Theodolite traversing — included angles: In standard field practice, the included angles of a theodolite traverse are generally measured in which sense and from which reference at each station?

Introduction / Context:
The included angle at a traverse station is the interior angle between the back line (from the previous station) and the forward line (to the next station). Establishing a consistent method for measuring it ensures clarity in field books and accuracy in computations and plotting.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A conventional theodolite or total station is used.
• The traverse proceeds station by station around a polygon.
• Field notes specify a standard sense of turning for angles.

Concept / Approach:
Common practice is to set on the back station (backsight) and then turn to the forward station (foresight) in a clockwise sense, recording the interior included angle. This reduces sign confusion, aligns with many instrument setups, and helps standardize plotting conventions. While other conventions exist, consistency is more important than the specific choice; however, “clockwise from the back station” is widely taught and used.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Closing the traverse with acceptable angular misclosure confirms that the consistent clockwise-from-backsight procedure was executed correctly across stations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Other senses or references are usable but not the general convention asked here.
• Mixing references (forward vs back) mid-traverse leads to sign errors and plotting mistakes.

Common Pitfalls:
Failing to note the sense of rotation; not averaging face-left and face-right angles; misidentifying the back station after a setup change.

Final Answer:
Clockwise from the back station