Traverse precision — dominant error source: Under ordinary field conditions with a theodolite traverse (systematic errors minimized by good practice), which type of error most strongly limits the attainable precision?

Introduction / Context:
A theodolite traverse determines positions by combining angles and distances. With proper instrument care, calibration, temperature corrections, and careful taping/EDM practices, systematic components are reduced. What then typically controls the final precision? Understanding this helps allocate effort where it matters most.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Good-quality instruments, properly adjusted.
• Linear measurements corrected for temperature, tension, and slope as needed.
• Angles observed with normal field procedures (face-left/right, repetition).

Concept / Approach:
After minimizing systematic effects, random (accidental) errors dominate. In traverses, small random pointing, centering, and reading errors in angles accumulate and often control the positional error ellipse, especially when distances are measured electronically with high precision. Hence, accidental angular errors are usually the limiting factor under ordinary conditions. Linear random errors still exist, but in modern practice they are typically smaller relative to angular contributions for comparable effort and instrument class.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Compare two traverses with identical lines: one with more angular sets per station and one with only single reads; the first closes markedly better, demonstrating angular randomness predominance.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Systematic angular/linear errors should be minimized by procedures; if they dominate, procedures need review.
• Accidental linear errors are present but often smaller in effect than angular ones for well-measured distances.

Common Pitfalls:
Under-observing angles; poor centering; rushing face reversals; neglecting tripod stability, which increases angular scatter.

Final Answer:
Accidental angular errors