Statement: There was a spurt in criminal activities in the city during the recent festival season. Courses of Action: I. The police should immediately investigate the causes of this increase. II. In future, adequate precautions should be taken during festivals to avoid recurrence. III. Known criminals should be pre-emptively arrested before every festival. Which course(s) of action logically follow(s)?

Introduction / Context:
Course-of-action questions require choosing steps that are logical, proportional, and grounded in the given facts. A temporary spike in crime during festivals suggests situational and operational causes (crowds, cash flow, distracted citizens), calling for diagnosis and targeted preventive planning.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Crime rose specifically during a festival window.
• No evidence is presented that any listed “known criminals” were planning crimes.
• Police can investigate, plan deployments, and issue public advisories.

Concept / Approach:
Prefer actions that (a) discover root causes and (b) reduce risk during similar future conditions without violating rights. Avoid blanket, rights-infringing steps without case-specific inputs.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard policing emphasizes problem-oriented policing: analyze, plan, deploy, and evaluate.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing proactive policing with unlawful detention.

Final Answer:
Only I and II follow.