Read the following health related situation and the suggested courses of action, and then decide which courses of action logically follow, assuming the statement is completely true. Statement: A large number of people in ward X of the city have been diagnosed as suffering from a fatal type of malaria. Courses of action: I. The city municipal authority should take immediate steps to carry out extensive fumigation in ward X. II. The people in the area should be advised to take suitable steps to avoid mosquito bites.

Introduction / Context:
In this course of action problem, you are given a public health emergency: many people in a particular ward of the city are suffering from a fatal type of malaria. Your task is to determine which of the suggested courses of action are logical and necessary responses to this situation. This tests your understanding of preventive and control measures in the context of mosquito borne diseases and your ability to select actions that directly address the problem.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Ward X of the city has many people diagnosed with a fatal type of malaria.
• Malaria is spread through mosquito bites.
• The municipal authority is responsible for civic health measures such as fumigation.
• Residents can take individual precautions to avoid mosquito bites.

Concept / Approach:
A logical course of action in such a case should:

• Target the cause of malaria transmission, which is the mosquito vector.
• Include both community level measures and individual level precautions.
• Be urgent, practical, and preventive in nature.

We examine both suggested actions to see if they satisfy these conditions.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Evaluate course of action I. Extensive fumigation is a standard public health measure used to kill adult mosquitoes and reduce their population. Given that a large number of people are affected in ward X, immediate fumigation in that area is directly related to controlling the spread of malaria. Thus, I clearly follows. Step 2: Evaluate course of action II. Advising local residents to take steps to avoid mosquito bites, such as using nets, repellents, and removing stagnant water, is also a direct and necessary measure. It empowers individuals to protect themselves and reduces further infections. Hence, II also follows. Step 3: Consider whether both can operate together. There is no contradiction between municipal fumigation and personal protective measures. In fact, they complement each other and together form a more effective response. Step 4: Select the correct option. Since both I and II are appropriate and necessary, the correct answer is that both I and II follow.

Verification / Alternative check:
Imagine the scenario if only one of the actions is taken. If only I is implemented, mosquito density may reduce for some time, but without personal protection people may still be at risk, especially if fumigation coverage is incomplete. If only II is implemented, residents may try to protect themselves, but a heavy mosquito population in the area would still pose a danger. The combination of community level fumigation and individual precautions is therefore the most effective and logical approach, confirming that both courses follow.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Only I follows: This undervalues the importance of educating and advising people to take personal precautions.
• Only II follows: This ignores the crucial role of municipal level vector control in a severe outbreak.
• Neither I nor II follows: This would imply inaction in a serious health emergency, which is clearly unreasonable.

Common Pitfalls:
A common error is to select only one of the actions under the belief that questions usually have a single correct line of action. However, in public health scenarios, a mix of official measures and individual precautions is often necessary. Another pitfall is to underestimate the importance of awareness campaigns and behavioural advice, which are critical components of disease control programmes.

Final Answer:
Both I and II follow.