Read the following migration related statement and the suggested courses of action, and then decide which courses of action logically follow, assuming the statement is fully true. Statement: There is an unprecedented increase in migration of villagers to urban areas because repeated crop failures have put them in a precarious financial situation. Courses of action: I. Villagers should be provided with alternate sources of income in their villages so that they can afford to stay there. II. Migrated villagers should be provided with jobs in urban areas to help them survive.

Introduction / Context:
This course of action question concerns rural to urban migration caused by repeated crop failures and severe financial distress among villagers. You must judge which of the proposed actions address the problem in a logical and humane way. The question tests your ability to consider both long term structural solutions and short term relief measures.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Villagers are migrating to urban areas in unprecedented numbers.
• The root cause is repeated crop failure.
• These crop failures have created a precarious financial situation for villagers.
• Villagers move to cities mainly in search of livelihood and survival.
• Authorities can influence rural employment and urban job creation.

Concept / Approach:
In such socio economic reasoning:

• A good course of action should tackle both the cause and the effect of the problem.
• Long term solutions aim to make villages economically viable.
• Short term measures help those who have already migrated to survive in cities.

We evaluate both suggested courses with this in mind.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Evaluate course of action I. Providing alternate sources of income in villages, such as rural employment schemes, small industries, or allied agricultural activities, directly addresses the root cause of migration: lack of income due to crop failure. This helps villagers stay in their home areas with dignity and is a logical long term solution. Step 2: Evaluate course of action II. Many villagers have already migrated and are in urban areas, often without stable jobs. Providing employment opportunities to such migrants helps them survive and prevents urban poverty from becoming even worse. This is a compassionate and practical short term response. Step 3: Check compatibility. These two actions address different stages of the problem: I reduces future migration, and II supports those who have already moved. They are complementary, not contradictory. Step 4: Decide which courses follow. Given the seriousness of the situation and the dual nature of the problem, both I and II logically follow as necessary responses.

Verification / Alternative check:
Imagine if only I were implemented. Over time, fewer villagers would migrate, but those who already migrated would still struggle in cities, which may create slums and urban poverty. If only II were implemented, existing migrants might be helped, but the root cause in villages would remain, leading to continued high migration. Combining both measures provides a more comprehensive approach to the crisis, confirming that both courses follow.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Only I follows: Incomplete because it does nothing for villagers who have already migrated and are struggling in cities.
• Only II follows: Incomplete because it fails to reduce ongoing forced migration from villages.
• Neither I nor II follows: This implies no constructive action, which is unreasonable in view of the seriousness of the problem.

Common Pitfalls:
Students sometimes think that only root cause solutions are valid, ignoring immediate relief measures, or they focus solely on immediate relief and ignore long term structural reforms. In realistic reasoning, both dimensions are important. Another pitfall is to assume that the question expects one unique course of action, even when a combination is clearly more logical and humane.

Final Answer:
Both I and II follow.