Which of the following are classified as ferrous metals in structural and manufacturing practice? Select the best option.

Introduction / Context:
Ferrous metallurgy deals with iron-based alloys. Recognizing the main ferrous families is foundational for material selection in construction and fabrication.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We consider common engineering materials containing iron as the base metal.
• Examples include cast iron, wrought iron, and steels.

Concept / Approach:

Ferrous metals are iron-based. Cast iron has high carbon and is castable; wrought iron is low carbon with slag fibers; steel is refined iron with controlled carbon and alloying. All are ferrous because iron is the principal constituent.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Chemical analysis shows Fe as the dominant element in all three, confirming classification.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Picking any single item ignores the others that are equally ferrous.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing “ferrous” with magnetic response; some stainless steels are weakly magnetic yet still ferrous.

Final Answer:

all of the above